智能海藻酸钙/PNIPAAm互穿网络水凝胶微囊制备研究

以海藻酸钙凝胶为聚合模板，过硫酸铵/偏重亚硫酸钠氧化还原引发剂体系、自由基水溶液法聚合制备了温度敏感和pH敏感的海藻酸钙/聚N异丙基丙烯酰胺（CA/PNIPAAm）互穿网络水凝胶微囊。并研究了引发剂用量、单体量、单体/海藻酸钠配比、缓冲液pH值等因素对该互穿智能水凝胶温度敏感和pH敏感性的影响。结果表明：该互穿凝胶微囊对pH/温度具有敏感溶胀性，可望作为口服药物缓释制剂的载体。     

On-line study of polyelectrolyte network formation by interfacial reaction

A modified synthetic boundary experiment of analytical ultracentrifugation has been employed to examine, on-line, polyelectrolyte complex formation at flat interfaces yielding highly swollen membranes/networks. Systematic experiments with sodium alginate as a polyanion and chitosan and poly(l-lysine) as polycations identified the influence of concentration, pH, molar mass, and polycation type on the membrane characteristics and the formation process. The membranes have been evaluated by five characteristics defined herein: total thickness, compactness, heterogeneity, symmetry, and growth. The results confirm the sensitivity of the method suited to elaborate general relationships for polyelectrolyte membrane design.     

Experimental study of ultrafiltration membrane fouling by sodium alginate and flux recovery by backwashing

Membrane fouling is the major limitation for a broader application of membrane technology. One of the main causes of membrane fouling in advanced wastewater reclamation and in membrane bioreactors (MBR) are the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Among the main constituents in EPS, polysaccharides are the most ubiquitous. This study aims at a better understanding of the fouling mechanisms of EPS and the efficiency of backwashing technique, which is applied in practice to restore membrane flux. For that purpose, the evolution of fouling by sodium alginate, a microbial polysaccharide, is studied in ultrafiltration. Fouling experiments are carried out in a single fiber apparatus, aiming at identifying the significance of distinct fouling mechanisms and their degree of reversibility by backwashing. An important parameter considered in the study is the concentration of calcium ions, which promote sodium alginate aggregation and influence the rate of flux decline, the reversibility of fouling and rejection. A rapid irreversible fouling takes place due to internal pore constriction, at the beginning of filtration, followed by cake development on the membrane surface. With increased calcium addition, cake development becomes the dominant mechanism throughout the filtration step. Furthermore, fouling reversibility is increased with the increase of calcium concentration. A unique behavior of sodium alginate solution in the absence of calcium is also noted, i.e. the formation of a labile layer on the membrane surface, which is affected by the small cross-flow that exists inside hollow fibers, even in the nominally dead-end mode of operation.     

Diffusion Through Membranes of the Polyelectrolyte Complex of Chitosan and Alginate

The swelling of membranes of the polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) between chitosan and alginate shows a similar pattern to that of other PECs. However, if the swelled membranes are dried, a second swelling process is seen which exhibits Fickian behavior. The apparent activation energy was estimated to be 32.8 kJ · mol^?1. The release rate of model solutes was highly dependent on their molecular weight and the pH of the medium.

Arrhenius type plot of the temperature dependence of the apparent diffusion coefficients for the membrane of the polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and alginate in water.     

Interfacial and foaming properties of prolylenglycol alginates. Effect of degree of esterification and molecular weight

In the present work we have studied the characteristics of propylene glycol alginates (PGA) adsorption at the air–water interface and the viscoelastic properties of the films in relation to its foaming properties. To evaluate the effect of the degree of PGA esterification and viscosity, different commercial samples were studied—Kelcoloid O (KO), Kelcoloid LVF (KLVF) and Manucol ester (MAN). The temperature (20 °C) and pH (7.0) were maintained constant. For time-dependent surface pressure measurements and surface dilatational properties of adsorbed PGA at the air–water interface an automatic drop tensiometer was used. The foam was generated by whipping and then the foam capacity and stability was determined. The results reveal a significant interfacial activity for PGA due to the hydrophobic character of the propylene glycol groups. The kinetics of adsorption at the air–water interface can be monitored by the diffusion and penetration of PGA at the interface. The adsorbed PGA film showed a high viscoelasticity. The surface dilatational modulus depends on the PGA and its concentration in the aqueous phase. Foam capacity of PGA solutions increased in the order KO > MAN > KLVF, which followed the increase in surface pressure and the decrease in the viscosities of PGA solutions. The stability of PGA foams monitored by the drainage rate and collapse time follows the order MAN > KLVF > KO. The foam stability depends on the combined effect of molecular weight/degree of esterification of PGA, solution viscosity and viscoelasticity of the adsorbed PGA film.     

Enhanced electrochemical stability of carbon-coated antimony nanoparticles with sodium alginate binder for sodium-ion batteries

The poor cycling stability of antimony during a repeated sodium ion insertion and desertion process is the key issue, which leads to an unsatisfactory application as an anode material in a sodium-ion battery. Addressed at this, we report a facile two-step method to coat antimony nanoparticles with an ultrathin carbon layer of few nanometers (denoted Sb@C NPs) for sodium-ion battery anode application. This carbon layer could buffer the volume change of antimony in the charge-discharge process and improve the battery cycle performance. Meanwhile, this carbon coating could also enhance the interfacial stability by firmly connecting the sodium alginate binders through its oxygen-rich surface. Benefitted from these advantages, an improved initial discharge capacity (788.5?mA?h?g^?1) and cycling stability capacity (553?mA?h?g^?1 after 50 times cycle) have been obtained in a battery using Sb@C NPs as anode materials at 50?mA?g^?1.     

海藻酸钙包覆聚苯乙烯磺酸钠软胶囊去除废水中Cu2+和Cd2+

采用滴定-固化包裹法制备得到以海藻酸钙(Alg)为壳,内包聚苯乙烯磺酸钠溶液(PSSA)的椭球状软胶囊 (PSSA@Alg软胶囊),用其吸附溶液中的Cu(II)和Cd(II).结果表明: PSSA@ Alg 软胶囊对溶液中Cu(II)和Cd(II) 的吸附量随溶液 pH 升高而增大,吸附过程包括表面吸附和固态海藻酸钙壳内缓慢扩散, 符合拟二级动力学模型, 分别在约240,360 min时达到吸附平衡;等温吸附数据与Langmuir模型拟合良好,25 ℃ 条件下,PSSA@Alg软胶囊 对Cu(II)和Cd(II)的最大吸附量分别为143.92,193.64 mg·g^-1． 海藻酸钙上的羧基和聚苯乙烯磺酸钠上的磺酸基 团在重金属离子吸附过程中起重要作用．     

Improvement of the Antimicrobial Activity of Oregano Oil by Encapsulation in Chitosan—Alginate Nanoparticles

Oregano oil (OrO) possesses well-pronounced antimicrobial properties but its application is limited due to low water solubility and possible instability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility to incorporate OrO in an aqueous dispersion of chitosan—alginate nanoparticles and how this will affect its antimicrobial activity. The encapsulation of OrO was performed by emulsification and consequent electrostatic gelation of both polysaccharides. OrO-loaded nanoparticles (OrO-NP) have small size (320 nm) and negative charge (−25 mV). The data from FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses reveal successful encapsulation of the oil into the nanoparticles. The results of thermogravimetry suggest improved thermal stability of the encapsulated oil. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of OrO-NP determined on a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (ISO 20776-1:2006) are 4–32-fold lower than those of OrO. OrO-NP inhibit the respiratory activity of the bacteria (MTT assay) to a lower extent than OrO; however, the minimal bactericidal concentrations still remain significantly lower. OrO-NP exhibit significantly lower in vitro cytotoxicity than pure OrO on the HaCaT cell line as determined by ISO 10993-5:2009. The irritation test (ISO 10993-10) shows no signs of irritation or edema on the application site. In conclusion, the nanodelivery system of oregano oil possesses strong antimicrobial activity and is promising for development of food additives.     

NaCl 对海藻酸钠/多壁碳纳米管复合溶液流变性能的影响

本文研究了不同氯化钠（NaCl）浓度,不同温度下的海藻酸钠（SA）及其与多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）复合溶液的流变行为。利用 Ostwald’s 和 Arrhenius 方程计算得出溶液的非牛顿指数和粘流活化能。结果表明,纺丝溶液属于非牛顿流体,溶液的零剪切粘度随着NaCl浓度的增加逐渐增加,非牛顿指数却逐渐降低。MWCNTs 的加入使得SA溶液的粘流活化能降低,说明 MWCNTs 的加入增加了溶液的流动性。     

Microparticles vs. Macroparticles as Curcumin Delivery Vehicles: Structural Studies and Cytotoxic Effect in Human Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (LoVo)

This study aimed to characterize the hydrogel micro- and macro-particles designed to deliver curcumin to human colon cancer cells (LoVo). Six series of vehicles based on sodium alginate (micro- and macro-particles, uncoated, coated with chitosan or gelatin) were synthesized. The uncoated microparticles were fabricated using an emulsion-based technique and the uncoated macroparticles with an extrusion technique, with both coupled with ionotropic gelation. The surface morphology of the particles was examined with scanning electron microscopy and the average size was measured. The encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, and swelling index were calculated. The release of curcumin from the particles was studied in an experiment simulating the conditions of the stomach, intestine, and colon. To evaluate the anticancer properties of such targeted drug delivery systems, the cytotoxicity of both curcumin-loaded and unloaded carriers to human colon cancer cells was assessed. The microparticles encapsulated much less of the payload than the macroparticles and released their content in a more prolonged manner. The unloaded carriers were not cytotoxic to LoVo cells, while the curcumin-loaded vehicles impaired their viability—more significantly after incubation with microparticles compared to macroparticles. Gelatin-coated or uncoated microparticles were the most promising carriers but their potential anticancer activity requires further thorough investigation.