圆坯连铸过程中坯壳生长规律

采用 ANSYS 软件建立了圆坯连铸过程的二维凝固传热模型,通过射钉实验以及表面温度的测定对模型进行了实验验证。结果表明模型能较准确地得到任意位置处铸坯坯壳厚度以及预测凝固终点位置。在传热模型的基础上结合铸坯低倍观察着重分析了圆坯坯壳生长规律。发现圆坯凝固过程中柱状晶区坯壳的厚度与凝固时间的平方根呈线性关系,符合平方根定律,并对平方根定律进行了修正,修正项与过热度和凝固速率有关;铸坯中心等轴区坯壳厚度与凝固时间平方根为非线性关系,凝固坯壳的生长不再符合平方根定律;间接证明了圆坯柱状晶生长是单方向传热,等轴晶生长时传热方向不唯一。     

Mass production of methane from food wastes with concomitant wastewater treatment

We developed a process for production of methane at a pilot scale. This process consists of three stages. The first stage is a semianaerobic hydrolysis/acidogenic step in which organic wastes are converted to various sugars, amino acids, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Operation temperature and pH were 45°C, and 5.0–5.5, respectively. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 2 d. To remove the putrid odor and to enhance the hydrolysis of organic wastes, a mixture of bacteria isolated from landfill soil was inoculated into the reactor. Total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were 36,000 mg/L and 40,000 mg/L, respectively. The second stage was an anaerobic acidogenic process, which can produce large amount of VFAs including acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and caproate. Operation temperature and pH were 35°C, and 5.0–5.5, respectively. HRT was 2 d. The third stage was a strictly anaerobic methane fermentation step producing methane and carbon dioxide from VFAs. The working volume of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) type reactor was 1200 L, and operation temperature and pH were 41°C, and 7.7–7.9, respectively. HRT was 12 d. Seventy two percent of methane at maximum was generated and the yield was 0.45–0.50 m³/kg VS of food wastes. Through the process, 88% of tCOD and 95% of BOD were removed. The wastewater was treated with the biological aerobic and anaerobic filters immobilized with heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. Ninety percent of total nitrogen (T-N) was removed by this treatment. The residual T-N and total phosphorous (T-P) were removed by the algal periphyton treatment system. The final concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in the drain water were 53 and 7 mg/L, respectively.     

一种藻类养殖区自动化提取的Otsu优化算法

针对传统Otsu算法在藻类养殖区分布信息的自动化提取过程中存在欠/过分割、计算量大和运算效率低等问题,提出一种优化的藻类养殖区自动化提取Otsu算法(GA-Otsu).GA-Otsu算法在最大类间方差的基础上,引入类内方差,共同参与阈值选取,提高藻类阈值选取的准确性,并用遗传算法代替遍历法快速搜索最优解,实现藻类养殖区...     

UV/固定化TiO2对太湖源水中藻类胞内有机物的去除效能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以玻璃纤维网为载体负载TiO2薄膜,X射线衍射分析表明,其薄膜中TiO2晶相为锐钛矿型.基于UV/TiO2体系,研究其对太湖源水中藻类胞内有机物(IOM)的降解机制及其影响因素.与腐殖酸(HA)对比研究结果表明,IOM较难被光催化氧化工艺降解,反应60 min时,UV254和DOC的降解率只有33.3％和19.1％,而HA的UV254和DOC降解率分别达到96.6％和57.3％;原因在于IOM主要是由大分子亲水性有机物组成,含有较多的氨基结构,而腐殖酸是强疏水性有机物,含有较多的芳香结构.同时,UV/TiO2体系的光强增强在一定程度上能提高IOM的降解效果;在pH=6.7时,IOM降解率达到最佳.     

Remote sensing of algal blooms using a turbidity-free function for near-infrared and red signals

HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM ACTS UPON IMPORTANT ENVIRON-MENTAL PROBLEMS IN COASTAL WATERS.A UNIFIED AND IM-PLEMENTING METHOD FOR SURVEY AND MONITORING ALGALBLOOMS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED SINCE LAST DECADE.HOWEVER THERE IS A DATA GAP OF ABOUT TENS YEARS IN THE PERIOD W…     

渤海湾赤潮藻类细胞密度的超阈值分布

赤潮藻类的细胞密度超过一定的阈值就能形成危害巨大的赤潮。基于渤海湾赤潮藻类细胞密度的连续监测数据，运用极值理论研究了藻类细胞密度的超阈值分布特性．研究结果表明，赤潮藻类细胞密度的概率分布有比正态分布更重的尾部，服从Pareto型的超阈值分布函数。通过实际监测数据，建立了渤海湾赤潮藻类细胞密度的Pareto型超阈值分布函数，并通过该函数计算了藻类细胞密度分别超过给定阈值的风险概率。     

Cementing mechanism of algal crusts from desert area

34-, 17-, 4-, 1.5-year old natural algal crusts were collected from Shapotou Scientific Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-day old field and greenhouse artificial algal crusts were in situ developed in the same sandy soil and the same place (37°27′N, 104°57′E). Their different cohesions both against wind force and pressure were measured respectively by a sandy wind-tunnel experiment and a penetrometer. On the basis of these algal crusts, the cementing mechanism was revealed from many subjects and different levels. The results showed that in the indoor artificial crusts with the weakest cohesion bunchy algal filaments were distributed in the surface of the crusts, produced few extracellular polymers (EPS), the binding capacity of the crusts just accomplished by mechanical bundle of algal filaments. For field crusts, most filaments grew toward the deeper layers of algal crusts, secreted much more EPS, and when organic matter content was more than 2.4 times of chlorophyll a, overmuch organic matter (primarily is EPS) began to gather onto the surface of the crusts and formed an organic layer in the relatively lower micro-area, and this made the crust cohesion increase 2.5 times. When the organic layer adsorbed and intercepted amounts of dusts, soil particles and sand grains scattered down from wind, it changed gradually into an inorganic layer in which inorganic matter dominated, and this made the crusts cohesion further enhanced 2–6 times. For crust-building species Microcoleus vaginatus, 88.5% of EPS were the acidic components, 78% were the acidic proteglycan of 380 kD. The uronic acid content accounted for 8% of proteglycan, and their free carboxyls were important sites of binding with metal cations from surrounding matrix.     

Improvement of substrate conversion to molecular hydrogen by three-stage cultivation of a photosynthetic bacterium,Rhodovulum sulfidophilum

In photosynthetic bacteria, after transition to light-anaerobic and nitrogen-deficient conditions, hydrogen evolution starts with expression of nitrogenase activity. Until the expression of enough activity,Rhodovulum sulfidophilum consumed substrates and converted them to poly(3-hydrox-ybutyrate) (PHB), resulting in a decrease in the proportion of substrate converted into hydrogen gas. To prevent conversion to PHB during the period when nitrogenase activity is derepressed, the authors employed a cultivation method consisting of three stages: cell growth, nitrogenase derepression, and hydrogen production. Cells cultivated by this method exhibited no lag time before the commencement of hydrogen evolution and gave an improved yield of hydrogen from the algal fermentative products.     

应用组内相关对黛湖藻类种群进行多样性分析

应用组内相关对重庆北碚缙云山黛湖藻类种群进行了多样性分析,结果表明,用组内相关系数作为相似性指标来度量藻类种群的多样性是一种灵敏的方法,与Shaoi-Wieer信息指数相比,它更适于反映水体污染为真实状况.因此,作者建议:在评价水体污染程度时.可用组内相关系数代替信息指数,以克服信息指数在实际应用方面的局限性.     

发展人工藻垫的重大意义

国家自然科学基金资助的一个发展人工藻垫的计划在山东省广饶盐场得以实施,历时３年时间的培育,人工藻垫发育的厚度达２．５ｃｍ。试验池底发育在藻垫中和氧化还原梯度相关的沉积微带对矿物离子的转移和固定具强的影响,由于有机和无机的沉积物及藻垫有机质与沙粒、粘土的束缚粘结,致使土壤的渗漏减少６０％～８４％。所以藻垫在防渗和卤水净化中的作用对海盐生产是非常重要的。