EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON LIFT INCREMENT OF A PLASMA CIRCULATION CONTROL AIRFOIL

利用等离子体激励器发展了新型的环量增升技术,并对二维NACA0012翼型绕流实施控制。由于NACA0012翼型为尖后缘构型,环量增升装置由2个非对称型介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器构成。一个等离子体激励器贴附于翼型吸力面靠近后缘处,其诱导的壁面射流沿来流方向指向下游;另一个等离子体激励器贴附于翼型压力面靠近后缘处,其诱导的壁面射流与来流方向相反指向上游。在风洞中通过时间解析二维PIV系统对翼型绕流流场进行了测量,基于翼型弦长的雷诺数Re=20 000。结果表明在等离子体激励器的控制下,翼型压力面靠近后缘处可以形成一个定常回流区,从而起到虚拟气动外形的作用,因此翼型吸力面的流场得到加速,压力面的流场得到减速,使得翼型压力面的吸力以及压力面的压力都得到增加,进而增加了翼型的环量。风洞天平测力实验进一步验证了该环量增升技术的有效性。在整个攻角范围内,施加控制的翼型的升力系数相比没有控制的工况有明显的提高。     

High fidelity numerical simulation of airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on flapping airfoil propulsion

High-fidelity numerical simulations with the spectral difference (SD) method are carried out to investigate the unsteady flow over a series of oscillating NACA 4-digit airfoils. Airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on the flapping airfoil propulsion are highlighted. It is confirmed that the aerodynamic performance of airfoils with different thickness can be very different under the same kinematics. Distinct evolutionary patterns of vortical structures are analyzed to unveil the underlying flow physics behind the diverse flow phenomena associated with different airfoil thickness and kinematics and reveal the synthetic effects of airfoil thickness and kinematics on the propulsive performance. Thickness effects at various reduced frequencies and Strouhal numbers for the same chord length based Reynolds number (=1200) are then discussed in detail. It is found that at relatively small Strouhal number (=0.3), for all types of airfoils with the combined pitching and plunging motion (pitch angle 20°, the pitch axis located at one third of chord length from the leading edge, pitch leading plunge by 75°), low reduced frequency (=1) is conducive for both the thrust production and propulsive efficiency. Moreover, relatively thin airfoils (e.g. NACA0006) can generate larger thrust and maintain higher propulsive efficiency than thick airfoils (e.g. NACA0030). However, with the same kinematics but at relatively large Strouhal number (=0.45), it is found that airfoils with different thickness exhibit diverse trend on thrust production and propulsive efficiency, especially at large reduced frequency (=3.5). Results on effects of airfoil thickness based Reynolds numbers indicate that relative thin airfoils show superior propulsion performance in the tested Reynolds number range. The evolution of leading edge vortices and the interaction between the leading and trailing edge vortices play key roles in flapping airfoil propulsive performance.     

机翼防/除冰技术研究进展

 在复杂的气象条件下飞机机翼容易出现结冰现象,结冰会导致机翼的气动布局改变,恶化飞机的气动特性与飞行性能,影响飞行安全,因此开展飞机机翼的防/除冰技术研究意义重大。介绍了机翼结冰的主要部位、典型冰形及其危害,采用FLUENT软件计算分析了2 种典型翼型NACA23012 和NACA0012 结冰前后的气动特性变化,总结了机翼结冰对飞机气动特性的影响规律,阐述了机翼防/除冰技术的原理、优缺点及近年的研究进展,分析了机翼防/除冰技术未来的发展方向。     

风力机叶片翼型动态试验技术研究

风力机叶片动态振荡过程往往伴随着俯仰和横摆同时进行, 以前对许多动态问题不清楚的阶段, 工程上不惜以增加叶片重量为代价而采用偏安全的设计, 通常忽略横摆振荡的影响; 大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出了更高要求, 研究横摆振荡对翼型动态气动特性的影响规律具有重要意义. 本文首次开展翼型横摆振荡动态风洞试验研究, 采用“电子凸轮”技术代替机械凸轮实现了振荡频率和振荡角度的无级变化, 基于设计的电子外触发装置实现了对动态流场的实时测量, 实现了风洞来流、模型角位移和动态压力数据的同步采集, 分别开展了翼型静态测压、俯仰/横摆动态测压、粒子图像测速和荧光丝线等试验研究, 试验结果准度较高、规律合理; 分析了动态试验洞壁干扰影响机制. 研究表明, 横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线也存在明显迟滞效应; 随着振荡频率升高, 翼型俯仰和横摆振荡下的气动迟滞性均增强; 翼型俯仰振荡正行程的动态失速涡破裂有所延迟; 洞壁与模型端部交界处的强三维效应对翼型压力分布影响较大; 建立的横摆振荡试验技术可为风力机动态掠效应的研究提供技术支撑.      

风沙条件下颗粒对翼型流动分离的影响

运用延迟脱体涡模拟(delayed detached eddy simulation,DDES)技术对NREL S809三维翼型在洁净空气环境中和在不同直径颗粒环境下进行了数值模拟,由此预测了风沙环境下颗粒对翼型绕流分离的影响.研究结果表明:当攻角为8°时,DDES捕捉到了翼型吸力面的涡脱落现象,并且颗粒的加入显著地改变了翼型吸力面的涡脱规律,使得尾涡范围扩大、耗散更快,然而随着颗粒直径的增大,尾涡也逐渐恢复到接近洁净空气时的状态;当攻角较小(6°)时,翼型表面没有发生流动分离,颗粒的加入对流场的影响很小;当攻角较大(12°)时,颗粒对翼型绕流的影响也很小;不同攻角下颗粒对翼型升力系数有不同程度的影响.分析不同攻角下颗粒对翼型表面流动分离的影响规律表明:S809翼型绕流情况受颗粒影响最严重的攻角在7°~10°.     

叶型气动设计的杂交型方法计算软件

将建立在气体动力学变分原理基础上的叶栅气动正问题与杂交问题有限元计算程序加以组合，构成一种具有特色的叶片型线气动设计软件，使叶栅的气动计算、叶型的设计修改以及两者的相互校核可以方便进行．采用Visual Basic和Visual Fortran混合语言编写界面操作程序，并与图像显示软件相结合，提高了设计计算过程的直观性与可操作性．     

Numerical evaluation of the aerodynamic influence of the helicopter composite blade trailing edge tabs

In classical composite helicopter rotor blade production, a small flat tab must be formed along the entire trailing edge, in order to enable proper merging of the upper and the lower surface plies during manufacturing. By this, the original airfoil shape is altered. Such fixed tabs have been added in a range of possible angular positions to several existing asymmetrical helicopter airfoils, and their capability to change the moment coefficient about the aerodynamic center of the airfoils was initially analyzed. Although usual tabs are proportionally small, angular domains in which they do not remarkably change the required nearly zero aerodynamic moment, were quantified as very narrow. In the next stage, an algorithm has been defined and implemented: (a) for the determination of optimum angular tab positions for several asymmetrical airfoils, that satisfy the moment requirement (for such airfoils optimum tab direction cannot be known in advance), and (b) for the reduction of the influence of eventual inherent numerical errors of applied software to a minimum. The accuracy of this algorithm has been verified on a symmetrical airfoil, for which the optimum tab position is readily known. In the next step, the tab influence on other aerodynamic airfoil characteristics, and the influence on flight performance of a light helicopter from an on-going project, has been analyzed. Several possible tab design concepts were defined, and some characteristic aspects of their implementation were considered. At the level of preliminary helicopter performance calculations, the influence of the two general outcomes of the tab designs were analyzed, one that preserves initial relative airfoil thickness, and another which leads to its reduction. In the first case, the influence of the slight increase of drag coefficient was taken into account, while in the second one, the decrease of drag coefficient, accompanied with necessary additional strengthening and added blade mass was considered. In both cases applied modifications proved to have moderate direct influence on helicopter flight performance, compared with a hypothetic case that the original airfoil without tab could have been used instead. General conclusions have imposed the need for very careful approach in tab design for asymmetrical airfoils, which must be primarily focused on the tab’s potential remarkable influence on the aerodynamic moment.     

Mathematical Modeling of Time-Dependent Aerodynamic Loads on an Airfoil with Dynamic Deflection of a Control on the Trailing Edge

The linear problem of the time-dependent inviscid flow past a thin symmetric airfoil with a control on its trailing edge deflected in accordance with an arbitrary law is considered. The aerodynamic loads on the airfoil are calculated. The intensity of the vortex wake shed from the airfoil is determined by numerically solving a Volterra integral equation of the first kind. Questions of the mathematical modeling of the time-dependent aerodynamic loads in a form convenient for the joint solution of the problems of aerodynamics and flight dynamics are also considered. The results of the modeling are compared with the numerical solutions obtained.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, 2005, pp. 157–169.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Khrabrov.     

动量源方法在研究旋转机翼悬停气动特性中的应用

对动量源方法进行了改进,应用于研究旋转机翼悬停气动特性;采用翼型升力、阻力系数数据库(Airfoil Coefficient Table)提高叶素力计算的准确度;引入普朗特桨尖损失函数(Prandtl's Tip-Loss Function)计入桨尖损失;依次对传统旋翼和旋转机翼进行了计算,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

An experimental study on boundary layer transition detection over a pitching supercritical airfoil using hot-film sensors

In the present work, experimental tests are conducted to study boundary layer transition over a supercritical airfoil undergoing pitch oscillations using hot-film sensors. Tests have been undertaken at an incompressible flow. Three reduced frequencies of oscillations and two mean angles of attack are studied and the influences of those parameters on transition location are discussed. Different algorithms are examined on the hot-film signals to detect the transition point. Results show the formation of a laminar separation bubble near the leading edge and at relatively higher angles of attack which leads to the transition of the boundary layer. However, at lower angles of attack, the amplification of the peaks in voltage signal indicate the emergence of the vortical structures within the boundary layer, introducing a different transition mechanism. Moreover, an increase in reduced frequency leads to a delay in transition onset, postponing it to a higher angle of attack, which widens the hysteresis between the upstroke and downstroke motions. Rising the reduced frequency yields in weakening or omission of vortical disturbances ensuing the removal of spikes in the signals. Of the other important results observed, is faster movement of the relaminarization point in the higher mean angle of attack. Finally, a time–frequency analysis of the hot-film signals is performed to investigate evolution of spectral features of the transition due to the pitching motion. An asymmetry is clearly observed in frequency pattern of the signals far from the bubble zone towards the trailing edge; this may reflect the difference between the transition and relaminarization physics. Also, various ranges of frequency were obtained for different transition mechanisms.