圆筒形半透明介质内非稳态复合导热与辐射的研究

本文研究细长电加热体在圆筒形半透明介质中的温度响应，通过对控制非稳态导热与辐射复合传热过程的积分-微分方程直接进行数值求解，分析了热辐射对内部径向热流及温度变化的影响．模拟计算结果对热线法测量半透明介质导热系数的研究具有理论指导意义。     

低速稳定传播火焰产生的弱冲击波解

低速稳定传播火焰产生弱冲击波后的流场是自相似的，相平面守恒方程的奇异点Ｚ＝０、Ｆ＝１对应冲击波马赫数为１．本文用自适应步长的四阶Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ法对相平面的控制方程积分，求得弱冲击波后流场参数分布，与声波方法得到的结果相比，在低速稳定传播火焰的条件下，两者结果完全吻合，克服了前人在该条件下所得结果的不相容性．     

Air blast and heat radiation from fuel-rich mixture detonations

Large scale experiments were carried out to study the effect of fuel concentration on air blast parameters and heat radiation from gaseous detonations. Hemispheric plastic envelope (4 meters in radius) was used with propane-air mixtures containing from 4 to 7 vol. % of fuel. The expressions for overpressures and impulses were determined in Sachs variables. The effect of fuel concentration on blast parameters is shown to be insignificant for the same amount of oxygen in the mixture volume. Thus the blast wave parameters can be described as for stoichiometric mixtures using additional scaling for the explosion energy according to oxygen content (cloud volume). The results of large scale experiments with fuel spray clouds containing 0.16–100 tons of fuel with mean concentration from stoichiometric () up to are reconsidered. These results confirm the proposed scaling of air blast parameters for a wide range of fuel types, cloud volumes and fuel concentrations. Detonations of fuel rich gaseous mixtures result in a strong heat radiation. Heat radiation energy, time and size of the fireball formed are studied as a function of fuel concentration. Received March 10, 1995 / Accepted March 12, 1995     

On the use of acoustic birefringence to determine components of plane stress

To assess the integrity of a structure containing a (known) flaw, it is necessary to know the stresses acting on the flaw. Many common structural elements (e.g. beams and plates) are subjected to either true plane stress or generalized plane stress. For either of these cases, there are three in-plane stresses (one shear stress and two normal stresses) to be determined in general.In this paper, we consider the application of the acoustic birefringence method to generalized plane stress states, where the thickness-averaged values of the shear and normal stresses are sought. It is shown that the times-of-flight are thickness-averaged effects, whereas the polarization directions depend upon local values of stress. Consequently, when the symmetric (axial) component of the stresses dominates the antisymmetric (bending) component, the acoustic birefringence method can be used to determine all three stresses, if the boundary conditions are known. For unknown boundary conditions, the normal stresses can be determined to within arbitrary functions.Problems arise in using the normal incidence technique when either the shear stress vanishes, or the symmetric (membrane) components of generalized plane stress do not dominate the bending components. In the former case, the thickness-averaged difference in normal stresses can be obtained, provided that the birefringence in the unstressed state is known. In the latter case, the (averaged) difference in normal stresses can be obtained by measuring time-of-flight differences of off-axis SH-waves propagating in the planes of material symmetry of the plate.     

Detection and analysis of radio pulses from extensive air showers

Radio pulses from extensive air showers (EAS) at 30, 44, and 60 MHz frequencies have been studied, using wide band broad-side arrays of half-wave dipole antenna systems. The experimental results support the theoretical prediction that the field strength of radio emission depends on the shower size. An asymmetry has been noticed in the pulse height distributions of radio pulses detected by North-South and East-West directed arrays. These observations are in agreement with the theory that the charge separation mechanism is predominant in generating radio pulses from EAS and radio emission is polarised in the East-West direction. Experimental data are compared with those of earlier workers.     

Development and test atT=4.2K of a capacitive resonant transducer for cryogenic gravitational-wave antennas

Summary The characteristics of a new capacitive resonant transducer developed and tested on a small (M=11.2 kg) cryogenic gravitational-wave antenna at the liquid helium temperature are presented. The resonator frequency can be tuned within 0.1 Hz of the antenna frequency. The system has a mechanical merit factorQ≃5·10⁵ and a ratio between the electrical energy in the transducer and the energy in the antenna β=3·10⁻³ atT=4.2 K. With these parameters, the transducer allows one to reach an effective noise temperatureT _eff≃60 mK using a cooled FET preamplifier, and, if coupled to a r.f.-SQUID, allows one to reachT _eff≃10 mK for the 5000 kg cryogenic gravitational-wave antenna of the Roma group at CERN (Geneva).

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Riassunto Si presentano le caratteristiche di un nuovo trasduttore risonante di tipo capacitivo. Il trasduttore è stato provato su una piccola antenna di 11.2 kg di massa, raffreddata alla temperature dell'elio liquido. La frequenza del risuonatore è stata accordata entro 0.1 Hz della frequenza dell'antenna. A 4.2 K, il sistema ha un fattore di merito meccanicoQ≃5·10⁵ ed il rapporto tra l'energia elettrica nel trasduttore e l'energia nell'antenna è β=3·10⁻³. Con i valori dei parametri ottenuti, il trasduttore permette di raggiungere una temperatura efficace di rumoreT _eff≃60 mK usando un amplificatore a FET raffreddato e, se accoppiato ad un r.f.-SQUID, consente di avereT _eff≃10 mK per l'antenna gravitazionale criogenica di 5000 kg del gruppo di Roma, in funzione presso il CERN (Ginevra).

     

The effect of curvature variation on the scattering from rough surfaces

The general high-frequency, rough-surface reflection process is treated by the method of stationary phase. In particular, the principle of stationary phase is applied to each of the local reflection events, which appear to depend on surface curvature as well as slope. However, we show that the number of reflecting highlights also depends on curvature and cancels the curvature dependence. These results agree fully with those obtained by Beckmann and Spizzichino for the special case of the Gaussian process.     

Polarization Tomography of Quantum Radiation: Theoretical Aspects and Operator Approach

We present theoretical foundations for the quantum tomography of polarization states of light fields as a method for measuring their polarization density operator , which characterizes only the polarization degrees of freedom of the radiation. We mainly attend to the method in which the tomographic observables (the “measurement instruments”) are polarizable in nature. We show that the quantum nature of this method can be adequately expressed using the quasispectral tomographic decompositions of in special operator bases, which are finite sums of partially orthogonal projection operators determining the probability distributions of tomographic observables as the decomposition coefficients. We obtain the matrix versions of such “tomographic” representations of , in particular, by projecting them on semiclassical operator bases determining the polarization quasiprobability functions. We briefly discuss the information aspects of the schemes considered in the paper. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 145, No. 3, pp. 344–357, December, 2005.     

Theory of radiation from relativistic positrons moving in the 〈110〉 axial channels of f.c.c. (diamond) crystal

The emission of radiation from relativistic positrons moving in the 〈110〉 axial channels of an f.c.c. (diamond) crystal has been studied. An expression for the radiation intensity has been obtained for the general case of positron motion. This expression has been simplified for the particular case of well-collimated incident beam. Enhancement of the radiation over (ordinary) bremsstrahlung has been discussed.