Real-time onboard wind and windshear determination,part 1: Identification

Standard wind identification techniques employed in the analysis of aircraft accidents are post-facto techniques; they are processed after the event has taken place and are based on the complete time histories of the DFDR/ATCR data along the entire trajectory. By contrast, real-time wind identification techniques are processed while the event is taking place; they are based solely on the knowledge of the preceding time histories of the DFDR/ATCR data.In this paper, a real-time wind identification technique is developed. First, a 3D-kinematic approach is employed in connection with the DFDR/ATCR data covering the time interval preceding the present time instant. The aircraft position, inertial velocity, and accelerometer bias are determined by matching the flight trajectory computed from the DFDR data with the flight trajectory available from the ATCR data. This leads to a least-square problem, which is solved analytically every seconds, with / small.With the inertial velocity and accelerometer bias known, an extrapolation process takes place so as to predict the inertial velocity profile over the subsequent -subinterval. At the end of this subinterval, the extrapolated inertial velocity and the newly identified inertial velocity are statistically reconciled and smoothed. Then, the process of identification, extrapolation, reconciliation, and smoothing is repeated. Subsequently, the wind is computed as the difference between the inertial velocity and the airspeed, which is available from the DFDR data. With the wind identified, windshear detection can take place (Ref. 1).As an example, the real-time wind identification technique is applied to Flight Delta 191, which crashed at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport on August 2, 1985. The numerical results show that the wind obtained via real-time identification is qualitatively and quantitatively close to the wind obtained via standard identification. This being the case, it is felt that real-time wind identification can be useful in windhsear detection and guidance, above all if the shear/downdraft factor signal is replaced by the wind difference signal (Ref. 1).This paper and its companion (Ref. 1) are based on Refs. 2–4.This research was supported by the Aviation Research and Education Foundation and by Texas Advanced Technology Program, Grant No. TATP-003604020.     

神经网络中误差反传算法的分析与改进

分析了ＢＰ网络存在的主要问题及其产生原因,提出了改进算法ＢＰＧ,以共轭梯度方向代替梯度方向进行搜索,并在学习过程中采用不精确的一维搜索、限幅和条件轮回等措施．计算机仿真结果表明：改进的ＢＰＧ算法优于原ＢＰ算法．     

一种同步转速状态测定方法及其实现

提出一种同步转速状态测定方法．基于该方法设计了采用霍尔传感器的单片机测量系统．实现了对双螺旋推进器的转速和瞬时相差的准确测量,解决了无法预报“碰撞”现象的难题     

电动势负反馈直流调速系统研究

在分析了电压负反馈直流调速系统的优缺点基础上,本文提出了电动势负反馈调速方法,并给出了该方法的系统图、框图和静特性。对电动势负反馈双直流电动机调速系统也进行了探讨。文中还对电动势负反馈直流调速系统的优缺点和应用范围加以了分析。     

交流调速系统的自学习控制

本文介绍了Ｉ／Ｏ映照记忆模型自学习控制的理论和方法,并用其为具有重大节能意义的泵类、风类机类等交流调速装置设计通用的智能控制器,以实现对期望转速的跟踪控制．文中给出了统一的系统模型描述、学习控制原理及初值控制的处理方法．     

高速网络业务模型及数据流量反馈控制研究

分析了高速通信网络不同业务类型的特点．根据不同业务对网络服务质量（ＱＯＳ）的要求及动态占用带宽的优先度,将其分为两种类型：一类业务可在预定的范围改变其传输速率,另一类是被动的,网络根据可用带宽的大小动态地调节其传输速率．文中给出了一种业务流量控制模型,该模型把带宽的高效率利用归结为如何对被动业务流量进行控制．按充分利用信道容量的原则,提出了一种自适应反馈控制算法．模拟表明,这种控制方法有良好的性能．     

浅谈“无板起跳”训练法对提高业余跳远运动员助跑速度利用率的作用

在跳远技术教学训练中,阶段性采用取消跳板跳远的训练方法,消除运动员起跳前减速上板起跳的错误条件反射,提高速度利用率,从而最大限度地提高跳远成绩。     

The theoretical basis of column chromatography in multicomponent separations. Part 2: Peak capacity. Column systems with good selectivity

The selectivity of a column system, S, defined by equation 28, includes a variation coefficient (β) of plate number with capacity ratio which has a large influence on the peak capacity, as shown in Fig. 18. Some typical chromatograms are given. In order to predict S for a column system from Kovat's Index, equations 40 and 41 are given to calculate the constant of the carbon number rule for squalane at different temperatures or for different stationary phases. The specific retention value of heptane on squalane at different temperatures can be calculated from equation 42. The nonpolarity index, defined by equation 43, was used to calculate the retention value of heptane on various stationary phases. In liquid chromatography, the order of elution may be reversed by changing the composition of the eluent on the same chemically bonded silica (manufactured in China). The linear relations between the log retention values of different kinds of solutes or of a single solute on the silicas of different surface areas when using the same eluent are given.     

Densities,Ultrasonic Speeds,Viscosities and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures of Benzene with Benzyl Alcohol,Benzonitrile, Benzoyl Chloride and Chlorobenzene at 303.15 K

Densities,ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u, viscosities,η, and refractive indices, n, of pure benzene, benzyl alcohol (BA), benzonitrile (BN), benzoyl chloride (BC), chlorobenzene (CB) and their thirty six binary mixtures, with benzene as common component, were measured at 303.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. From these experimental data the values of deviations in ultrasonic speed, △u, isentropic compressibility, △k_s,excess acoustic impedance, Z^E, deviation in viscosity, Dh, and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow, G^*E, and partial molar isentropic compressibility, Kφ,2⁰ of BA, BN, BC and CB in benzene were computed. The variation of these derived functions with composition of the mixtures suggested the increased cohesion (molecular order) in the solution and that interaction (A-B)＞(A-A) or (B-B).Moreover, theoretical prediction of ultrasonic speed, viscosity and refractive index of all the four binary mixtures was made on the basis of empirical and semi-empirical relations by using the experimental values of the pure components. Comparison of theoretical results with the experimental values was made in order to assess the suitability of these relations in reproducing the experimental values of u, η and n. Also, molecular radii of pure liquids and the average molecular radii of binary mixtures were evaluated using the corresponding refractive indices of pure liquids and binary mixtures. The average molecular radii of binary mixtures were found to be additive with respect to mole fraction of the pure component.     

The effect of capillary column diameter on the performance of thermal conductivity detectors

The concentration sensitivity of a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) depends, among other factors, on the amount of sample mixture in the detector's sensing cell. Since the cell volume has to be appropriately matched with column diameter, it makes the concentration sensitivity of a TCD dependent on column diameter and, therefore, on the speed of gas chromatography. Through reduction of column diameter, higher speed tends to lead to a reduction in the concentration sensitivity of the cell. The factor which the most directly affects the concentration sensitivity of a TCD cell is the heat power conducted through the cell. The higher the power, the greater the sensitivity. The limit of detection of a TCD depends on the concentration-sensitivity of its cell and on the level of statistical errors in the measurement. The errors increase with increasing analysis speed. As the column diameter is reduced, the errors cause additional worsening (on top of the decrease in concentration sensitivity) of the detection limit, dynamic range, and other performance characteristics of the TCD.