白口铸铁焊接热敏感性的研究

采用焊接热模拟技术再现了白口铸铁焊接热影响区(HAZ)的组织,研究了热循环的改变对焊接热影响区的组织和冲击韧性的影响以及焊接断口的特征。试验结果表明,经受焊接热循环作用后,白口铸铁的冲击韧性下降。经高峰温热循环作用后,白口铸铁的组织主要为渗碳体加孪晶马氏体,其硬度高,冲击韧性较好;峰温800℃时,组织硬度最低,冲击韧性最差,再经过高峰温热循环的作用,组织硬度提高,冲击韧性得以改善。     

金属喷焊层在动态介质中的腐蚀

采用动态、静态腐蚀试验和电化学测试方法，研究了腐蚀介质状态和合金成分对金属喷焊层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明，在动态介质中，各种材料的腐蚀速度提高５～１５倍。与静态试验所得出的材料耐蚀性次序不同，静态试验主要反映材料的热力学稳定性，动态试验主要反映材料的动力学特性。喷焊层中铁含量的增加对耐蚀性有不利影响。     

HL-2M 支撑系统制造工艺研究

在 HL-2M 装置支撑组件的研制中,采用了特制控氮不锈钢、结合 GMS310 焊丝和 Ar(96%)+N2(4%) 保护气体的焊接工艺以及低速和大进给量的机加方式把磁导率控制在≤1.03 的设计范围内。为保障 HL-2M 装置装 配时线圈系统的精确定位和安装,在研制阶段对极向场线圈支撑子系统进行了预装。     

Numerical and experimental study of mitigation of welding distortion

Welding stresses and deformations are closely related phenomena. During the heating and cooling cycles thermal strains may occur in the weld and adjacent area. The strains produced during the heating stage of welding are always accompanied by plastic deformation of the metal. The stresses resulting from these strains combine and react to produce internal forces that cause a variety of welding distortions. Welding deformation needs to be minimized and also the designer should know before hand the extent of deformation so that it can be accounted for in the design as well as in the construction stages.In this paper, heat sinking as a method of distortion mitigation has been studied. Heat sinking has been affected by circulating water through channel clamped at the bottom surface of the plates undergoing welding. The pseudolinear equivalent constant rigidity concept has been used in this investigation for thermo-mechanical analysis of plates undergoing welding with simultaneous heat sinking. The initial nonlinear problem with varying modulus dependent on temperature is transformed into a pseudolinear equivalent system of constant rigidity that is solved by linear analysis.The numerical results compared very well with those of the experimental ones. The proposed concept is found to be computationally more efficient and simpler to model compared to FEM for solving similar thermo-elasto-plastic nonlinear problems. The procedure presented in this work and the results thus obtained, holds a great promise for determining the heat sinking parameters for effectively controlling welding distortion.     

Effect of welding speed on butt joint quality of Ti–6Al–4V alloy welded using a high-power Nd:YAG laser

Annealed Ti–6Al–4V alloy sheets with 1 and 2 mm thickness are welded using a 4 kW Nd:YAG laser system. The effects of welding speed on surface morphology and shape, welding defects, microstructure, hardness and tensile properties are investigated. Weld joints without or with minor cracks, porosity and shape defects were obtained indicating that high-power Nd:YAG laser welding is a suitable method for Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The fusion zone consists mainly of acicular α′ martensite leading to an increase of approximately 20% in hardness compared with that in the base metal. The heat-affected zone consists of a mixture of α′ martensite and primary α phases. Significant gradients of microstructures and hardness are obtained over the narrow heat-affected zone. The laser welded joints have similar or slightly higher joint strength but there is a significant decrease in ductility. The loss of ductility is related to the presence of micropores and aluminum oxide inclusions.     

Surface preparation of Ti–3Al–2.5V alloy tubes for welding using a fiber laser

Ti–3Al–2.5V tubes are widely used in aircraft hydraulic systems. Meticulous surface preparation before welding is necessary to obtain a sound weld involving these alloy tubes. Conventionally this is done by cleaning with environmentally malign toxic chemicals, such as, hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid. This paper describes the laser-cleaning process of the surface of these tubes with a fiber laser as a preparation for pulsed gas tungsten arc welding and results obtained. A simple one-dimensional heat equation has been solved to evaluate the temperature profile of the irradiated surface. It is shown that surface preparation by laser cleaning can be an environmentally friendly alternative process by producing acceptable welds with laser-processed tubes.     

Cooling analysis of welded materials for crack detection using infrared thermography

Infrared thermography offers a wide range of possibilities for the detection of flaws in welding, being the main difference among them the thermal excitation of the material. This paper analyzes the application of an inexpensive and versatile thermographic test to the detection of subsurface cracks in welding. The procedure begins with the thermal excitation of the material, following with the monitoring of the cooling process with IRT (InfraRed Thermography). The result is a sequence of frames that enables the extraction of thermal data, useful for the study of the cooling tendencies in the defect and the non-defect zone. Then, each image is subjected to a contour lines algorithm towards the definition of the morphology of the detected defects. This combination of data acquisition and processing allows the differentiation between two types of cracks: toe crack and subsuperficial crack, as defined in the quality standards.     

Fracture mechanisms of CTOD samples of submerged and flux cored arc welding

Three welding procedures commonly used to rebuild worn shafts in sugar cane mills were analyzed: two processes of submerged arc welding and one of flux cored arc welding. Crack tip opening displacement for the welding was determined according to ASTM E 1290 standard. The fracture surface and microstructure of the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, respectively. The fracture parameter CTOD was correlated with the fracture surface and microstructures. The single deposit of FCAW process and the outer weld deposits of SAW process present acicular and blocky ferrite and non-metallic inclusions with spherical shape distributed randomly in the welding. The inner deposits for SAW process show equiaxed ferrite and pearlite with fine inclusions. Welding material B-MA 1 presented the highest CTOD_c with 0.2115 mm, followed by A-MA 2 with 0.1672 mm and A-MA 1 with 0.1238 mm. Each presented ductile fracture surfaces characterized by spherical dimples, microvoids nucleated in inclusions. Deposits B-MA2 and C-MA 1 presented lower CTOD_c, unstable crack growth and brittle fractures, characterized by intergranular failures due to fine inclusions in the grain boundaries.     

0Cr19Ni9 1Cr18Ni9不锈钢薄壁焊管缺陷及对策

南京某厂从日本引进焊管机组,用带式法生产薄壁不锈钢管。其工艺流程如下: 钢带分剪→轧辊成型→钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊成管坯→冷拔→矫直→成品。采用某厂一批0.3mm厚的1Cr18Ni9和0Cr19Ni9奥氏体不锈钢带试焊,发现有焊渣间隔分布于焊缝的内外壁上。间隔距离从5mm至100mm不等,大部分在20～30mm之间,见图1.焊渣多呈灰褐色,其形如纺锤状,尺寸(长×宽)约在(10～20)mm×(4～6)mm。     

基于径向基神经网络的焊接材料计算机辅助设计系统

以RBF神经网络理论为基础,设计实现了焊接材料计算机辅助设计系统。应用该系统能建立影响因子与性能指标之间的人工神经网络模型,并以此为基础建立了性能预测、配方预报、分析等功能模块,对焊接材料研发人员探索影响因子与性能指标之间关系具有较大的实际意义。