To what extent can an uncertainty calculation be general?

 It is argued that results of uncertainty calculations in chemical analysis should be taken into consideration with some caution owing to their limited generality. The issue of the uncertainty in uncertainty estimation is discussed in two aspects. The first is due to the differences between procedure-oriented and result-oriented uncertainty assessments, and the second is due to the differences between the theoretical calculation of uncertainty and its quantication using the validation (experimental) data. It is shown that the uncertainty calculation for instrumental analytical methods using a regression calibration curve is result-oriented and meaningful only until the next calibration. A scheme for evaluation of the uncertainty in uncertainty calculation by statistical analysis of experimental data is given and illustrated with examples from the author's practice. Some recommendations for the design of corresponding experiments are formulated.     

均匀设计在氯乙酸乙酯合成中的应用

文章采用均匀设计法探讨了固体超强酸Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／ＳＯ２－４催化酯化合成氯乙酸乙酯的工作条件。试验设计合理、操作简单、省时省力。酯化工艺“三废”少,得率达８０％以上。     

室内设计与美术教学

阐述了室内设计与美术教学的内在联系,从培养设计思维和确立艺术表达两个方面,说明了创造性思维是设计能力的基础。提出一定的文化素质和审美意识是艺术表达的必要前提,惟有创造力的培养才是美术设计教学的主题。     

植物园地的设计与规划

植物园地的设计规划在高等院生物学教学中占极其重要的地位。本文以植物园地的选择,规划,设计及植物种类的选择和利用进行了阐述,为更进一步提高有关生物学教学质量,开展科研开及植物的开发与应用奠定了基础。     

科技进步统计监测软件系统的设计与实现

河北省科技进步统计监测软件系统以科技进步统计监测评价需求为指导,进行了合理的总体结构设计、系统功能设计、数据库设计、输入输出设计、存储设计,并在河北省大中型工业企业的科技进步统计监测评价中得到了应用。     

单片机模糊控制器的软件设计

介绍了用单片机语言进行模糊控制器软件设计的数据结构及其算法,并给出了程序流程．     

煤炭院校会计信息系统设计

本论文论述了“煤炭院校会计信息系统”的代码设计、数据库设计和功能设计三项内容,并给出了完整的“煤炭院校会计信息系统”功能模块图。     

Application of Task-specific Ionic Liquids for Intensified Separations

Summary. Ionic liquids offer tremendous opportunities to intensify reactions and separations in process technologies by tuning their physical and chemical properties. Several ionic liquids are suitable for the separation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. CO₂ absorption behavior was influenced by the functionalized chains appended to the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) cation. Ionic liquids seem able to combine the chemical features of amine solutions with the characteristic advantages of the physical solvents used for CO₂ absorption.     

The optimization of silica gel synthesis from chemical bottle waste using response surface methodology

To reduce the amount of hazardous chemical bottle waste in the environment, we report the optimization research of silica extraction in chemical bottle waste into silica gel. Alkali fusion and sol–gel process were utilised to prepare silica gel effectively. The alkali fusion process was carried out by adding sodium hydroxide to produce sodium silicate. Afterwards, silica gel was prepared by the sol–gel method using hydrochloric acid. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to Optimisation factors the poptimiseactors affecting the silica recovery. The factors that optimised mass ratio, particle size, and temperature. The optimum recovery of silica gel was obtained by SiO₂: NaOH mass ratio of 1:3, the particle size of 63–74 µm, and a temperature of 800 °C. The purity of silica gel optimum is 63.74% characterised using X-ray fluorescence. The structure of silica gel is the appearance of amorphous peaks at 2θ 20-30° characterised using an x-ray diffractogram. The silica gel surface was characterises using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray. It showed an irregular surface and characteristic showed that silica gel had a radius of 15.74 nm and a specific surface area of 297.08 m².     

Statistical experimental design-driven discovery of room-temperature conditions for palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl bromides

A combination of Pd₂(dba)₃·CHCl₃ (0.5 mol %) and commercially available, air-stable phosphonium salt [(t-Bu)₃PH]BF₄ (1.4 mol %) in a presence of Zn powder and Zn(CN)₂ as the cyanide source comprises an extremely efficient catalyst system for the cyanation of a diverse array of aryl bromides, at room temperature. This result emerged from an experimental strategy that combines the advantages of parallel, automated experimentation with the design of experiments (DOE) for the effective definition of an optimal set of reaction conditions.