Flow of viscoelastic fluids through a porous channel—I

The flow of viscoelastic fluids through a porous channel with one impermeable wall is computed. The flow is characterized by a boundary value problem in which the order of the differential equation exceeds the number of boundary conditions. Three solutions are developed: (i) an exact numerical solution, (ii) a perturbation solution for small R, the cross-flow Reynold's number and (iii) an asymptotic solution for large R. The results from exact numerical integration reveal that the solutions for a non-Newtonian fluid are possible only up to a critical value of the viscoelastic fluid parameter, which decreases with an increase in R. It is further demonstrated that the perturbation solution gives acceptable results only if the viscoelastic fluid parameter is also small. Two more related problems are considered: fluid dynamics of a long porous slider, and injection of fluid through one side of a long vertical porous channel. For both the problems, exact numerical and other solutions are derived and appropriate conclusions drawn.     

缠结高分子液体在管中挤出胀大动力学理论：一组新的增长和最终挤出胀大比方程

基于O-W-F本构方程和自由回复机制，从Poioeuille流出发建立了一种新的缠结高分子液体挤出胀大动力学理论，该理论能有效地预测高分子流体的动静态挤出胀大行为同高分子粘弹性参数和成型条件间的相关性. 基于稳态剪切量可分解为自由“回复线团”和“不可回复热耗”两部分事实，定义了一个稳态剪切下自由“回复线团”和“不可回复热耗”的配分函数和它们两者间分配指数上可回复和不可回复构象分数，从而在理论上得到了瞬时、推迟和最终三者可回复形变量和可回复线团量同配分函数、分配指数上可回复构象分数、分子粘弹性参数和成型条件     

Highly parallel time integration of viscoelastic flows

A highly parallel time integration method is presented for calculating viscoelastic flows with the DEVSS-G/DG finite element discretization. The method is a synthesis of an operator splitting time integration method that decouples the calculation of the polymeric stress by solution of a hyperbolic constitutive equation from the evolution of the velocity and pressure fields by solution of a generalized Stokes problem. Both steps are performed in parallel. The discontinuous finite element discretization of the hyperbolic constitutive equation leads to highly-parallel element-by-element calculation of the stress at each time step. The Stokes-like problem is solved by using the BiCGStab Krylov iterative method implemented with the block complement and additive levels method (BCALM) preconditioner. The solution method is demonstrated for the calculation of two-dimensional (2D) flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid around an isolated cylinder confined between two parallel plates. These calculations use extremely fine finite elements and expose new features of the solution structure.     

Parameter determination and response analysis of viscoelastic material

The parameter determination of viscoelastic material is a multi-variable, multi-aim nonlinear optimization problem, which made the optimization process very complicated. In this paper a hybrid optimal algorithm was proposed to determine the viscoelastic parameters in the constitutive relation according to the experimentally obtained mechanical properties. This algorithm merges the Broydon–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno search into a genetic algorithm framework as a basic operator in order to enhance the local search capability. The proposed hybrid algorithm not only can reduce the iterative times greatly but can abolish the limitation of initial parameter values. Nonlinear material characteristic curve-fitting was carried out using the proposed algorithm and other existing approaches. And the comparison results show this algorithm is accurate and effective. The numerical simulation and experimental study of viscoelastic cantilever beam also indicates that the finite element formulation and the calculative viscoelastic model parameters are reliable. The proposed optimization method can be extended to further complex parameter estimation researches.     

粘弹性地基钢板爆炸焊接动力分析

从厚板结构动力理论出发,详细推导了粘弹性地基上厚板爆炸焊接动力响应各力学量的表达式、当工程需要大尺寸爆炸焊接复合板和冲击韧性不好的基板及较厚的复合板时,焊接过程中的力学行为应该计及除传统焊接参数以外的其他参数的影响厚板模型涉及的参数较多,精度高,特别适应于像连铸坯之类的材料爆炸焊接作精细分析和设计的理论依据。     

High pressure effects on myofibrillar proteins

Abstract

Myofibrillar proteins were extracted from post rigor bovine meat with a potassium phosphate/potassium chloride buffer. Viscoelastic properties of myofibrillar properties were studied in a 0.6MKCl buffer, at pH = 6, used in an oscillating mode. Enthalpy patterns were determined with a differential scanning calorimeter. SDS PAGE was performed.

Results show that high pressure processing denatures myofibrillar proteins, which result in a decrease of myofibrillar protein extractability. Moreover, the viscoelastic properties of myofibrillar extracts are modified by a preliminary high-pressure treatment of meat. The storage modulus (G′) versus temperature graph presents an intermediate peak; the height of this peak and the final value (90°C) are dependant on the level of pressure.

Finally, enthalpy and electrophoresis patterns allow us to understand myofibrillar protein modifications induced by high hydrostatic pressure processing of meat.     

Modelling viscoelastic materials whose storage modulus is constant with frequency

This paper presents a relaxation function characterising viscoelastic materials whose storage modulus is constant with frequency, and whose loss factor shows the representative peak of damping materials. This behaviour is typical of some composite materials, where the elastic constituents give the constant modulus, and the polymeric components provide the variable loss factor. The new model gives a way to provide comparative data for different materials in a form which can easily be incorporated into simulations. The physical meaning of the model parameters is defined from the analysis of the complex modulus in frequency domain. The presented relaxation function is validated by curve fitting to experimental measurements carried out on polymer concrete specimens, made of epoxy resin matrix with mineral aggregates.     

The dynamic and steady shear properties of synovial fluid and of the components making up synovial fluid

Steady-shear and dynamic properties of a pooled sample of cattle synovial fluid have been measured using techniques developed for low viscosity fluids. The rheological properties of synovial fluid were found to exhibit typical viscoelastic behaviour and can be described by the Carreau type A rheological model. Typical model parameters for the fluid are given; these may be useful for the analysis of the complex flow problems of joint lubrication.The two major constituents, hyaluronic acid and proteins, have been successfully separated from the pooled sample of synovial fluid. The rheological properties of the hyaluronic acid and the recombined hyaluronic acid-protein solutions of both equal and half the concentration of the constituents found in the original synovial fluid have been measured. These properties, when compared to those of the original synovial fluid, show an undeniable contribution of proteins to the flow behaviour of synovial fluid in joints. The effect of protein was found to be more prominent in hyaluronic acid of half the normal concentration found in synovial fluid, thus providing a possible explanation for the differences in flow behaviour observed between synovial fluid from certain diseased joints compared to normal joint fluid.Nomenclature A Ratio of angular amplitude of torsion head to oscillation input signal - G Storage modulus - G Loss modulus - I Moment of inertia of upper platen — torsion head assembly - K Restoring constant of torsion bar - N ₁ First normal-stress difference - R Platen radius - S ⁽ⁱ⁾ Geometric factor in the dynamic property analysis - t ₁ Characteristic time parameter of the Carreau model - X, Y Carreau model parameters - Z () Reimann Zeta function of - Carreau model parameter - Shear rate - Apparent steady-shear viscosity - ^* Complex dynamic viscosity - Dynamic viscosity - Imaginary part of the complex dynamic viscosity - ₀ Zero-shear viscosity - ₀ Cone angle - Carreau model characteristic time - Density of fluid - Shear stress - Phase difference between torsion head and oscillation input signals - ₀ Zero-shear rate first normal-stress coefficient - Oscillatory frequency     

Damping Characterization and Viscoelastic Behavior of Laminated Polymer Matrix Composites Using a Modified Classical Lamination Theory

The damping property of materials can be defined as the ratio of dissipated energy over the total strain energy during the loading–unloading process, called the specific damping capacity (SDC). In this study, in order to characterize the damping properties of materials, a test plan in designed to extract the SDC of a single layer composite from hysteresis data. The theory of linear viscoelasticity incorporates a varying Young’s Modulus by using a complex stiffness modulus. Considering different lay-ups, the modified classical lamination plate theory is modified to represent both stiffness and SDC of laminates. The results are compared with experimental results for symmetric laminated specimen. This evaluation shows a very good agreement between theoretical and experimental results in the range of low frequency loading from 0.2 to 4 Hz. The complex compliance matrix changes the governing equation in to a complex form which contains both stiffness and damping properties.