红外光谱的煤精类文物材质判别方法

我国是世界上最早使用煤及煤精的国家之一,但对考古出土煤精文物的研究发现,煤精文物原材料的质地常常偏离宝石学中对有机宝石煤精的定义。在此提出“煤精类文物”的概念,将以往出土文物中如褐煤、烛煤等与煤精文物材质近似但不同的材料归至同一文化概念中。目前对于煤精类文物制品的科学研究仍存在较大空白,其中最为基础的材质种类判别也没有科学的判断方法。以陕西周原贺家墓地、陕西咸阳岩村墓地、新疆吐鲁番胜金店墓地、新疆伊犁吉仁台沟口遗址四个遗址出土的16件煤精制品和原料为研究对象,初步探索漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱在出土煤精类文物成分分析中的应用。结果表明,不同遗址出土的煤精类文物的红外谱图有较为明显的不同,同一遗址出土的煤精类文物的红外谱图在特征波段具有相似性,不同遗址煤精类文物则差异明显。使用Norris二阶导数法对红外光谱进行处理,提高吸收峰分辨率,为精细研究提供信息,选择特殊红外光谱参数I=A_{820 cm-1}/A_{2 870 cm-1}定量分析不同样品的红外光谱,结合静水称重得到的部分样品的密度信息,对出土的煤精类文物制品材质的煤化程度初步判断。结合红外光谱特征波数的强度进一步通过主成分分析解释煤精类文物的红外光谱信息,来自不同遗址的煤精类文物样品在主成分分析得分图中得到了良好的区分,并且可以与特殊红外光谱参数I判别的初步结论互相对应。验证了以漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱为主的无损分析方法在煤精类文物材质判别中应用的可行性;若结合不同产地煤精矿样红外光谱,则可以为煤精类文物产地判别提供研究方法。     

A computational determination of the Cowper–Symonds parameters from a single Taylor test

A novel technique for the dynamic characterization of metals from a single Taylor impact test is proposed. This computational characterization procedure is based on the formulation and solution of a first class inverse problem, in which the silhouette of the Taylor specimen’s final shape is expressed as a vector of its geometrical moments and used as input parameter. The inverse characterization problem is reduced to an optimization problem where the optimum material parameters for the Cowper–Symonds material model are determined. The optimization process is performed by a range adaptation real-coded genetic algorithm. Numerical example for the characterisation of 1018 steel is implemented and presented to validate the methodology presented in this paper. The effectiveness and simplicity of the proposed characterization procedure makes it an appropriate tool for the characterization of metals at high strain rates.     

Dramatic stiffening of ultrathin polymer films in the rubbery regime

Recently, we (P.A. O'Connell, G.B. McKenna, Science 307, 1760 (2005)) introduced a novel nano-bubble inflation method to measure the absolute creep compliance of nanometer thick polymer films. In that work it was shown that even at film thicknesses as small as 27.5nm the glass temperature was unchanged for poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). Perhaps more importantly, and the subject of the present work, was the observation that these ultrathin films show a dramatic stiffening in the rubbery plateau regime, i.e., the compliance was reduced by over two orders of magnitude compared to the bulk material. In the present work we substantiate the previous results in a study of the thickness dependence of the rubbery compliance of PVAc and polystyrene (PS) films for thicknesses from 13nm to 276nm. We show the substantial stiffening of the plateau region for both materials. Furthermore, the rubbery compliance (inverse of stiffness) scales with approximately the second power ( 1.8±0.2) in the film thickness for both materials.     

A new lower bound of the Hausdorff measure of the Sierpinski gasket

For the Sierpinski gasket, by using a sort of cover consisting of special regular hexagons, we define a new measure that is equivalent to the Hausdorff measure and obtain a lower bound of this measure. Moreover, the following lower bound of the Hausdroff measure of the Sierpinski gasket has been achieved H^s（S）≥0.670432,where S denotes the Sierpinski gasket, s = dimn（S） = log23, and H^s（S） denotes the s-dimensional Hausdorff measure of S. The above result improves that developed in .     

Effect of gas diffusion layer and membrane properties in an annular proton exchange membrane fuel cell

A complete three-dimensional and single phase computational dynamics model for annular proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is used to investigate the effect of changing gas diffusion layer and membrane properties on the performances, current density and gas concentration. The proposed model is a full cell model, which includes all the parts of the PEM fuel cell, flow channels, gas diffusion electrodes, catalyst layers and the membrane. Coupled transport and electrochemical kinetics equations are solved in a single domain; therefore no interfacial boundary condition is required at the internal boundaries between cell components. This computational fluid dynamics code is used as the direct problem solver, which is used to simulate the two-dimensional mass, momentum and species transport phenomena as well as the electron- and proton-transfer process taking place in a PEMFC that cannot be investigated experimentally. The results show that by increasing the thickness and decreasing the porosity of GDL the performance of the cell enhances that it is different with planner PEM fuel cell. Also the results show that by decreasing the thickness of the membrane the performance of the cell increases.     

新型钻固一体化潜活性材料性能研究及应用

提高固井第二界面胶结质量一直以来是钻井工程的作业目标之一,新型钻固一体化是通过在钻井液中加入潜活性材料使井壁形成的滤饼中含有潜活性材料,固井时通过固井液将滤饼中潜活性材料激活固化,使固井液-滤饼-地层形成一个整体从而提高固井第二界面胶结质量,其技术的核心是潜活性材料。主要围绕一体化潜活性材料性能开展研究,实验结果表明150℃/30 d高温老化验证含20%潜活性材料的钻井液钻井施工相对安全,一体化潜活性材料固井液在90℃、120℃和150℃下48 h抗压强度大于14 MPa,满足一体化固井液在90℃、120℃和150℃转换固井技术要求。150℃养护2 d后一体化潜活性材料泥饼与水泥、一体化潜活性材料泥饼与一体化固井液分别是普通钻井液泥饼与水泥的2.04倍和2.45倍,10 d后分别是2.25倍和2.84倍,这说明钻井液中加入一体化潜活性材料可提高固井第二界面胶结强度。通过27Al和29Si NMR图谱分析得出一体化潜活性材料泥饼界面比普通泥饼界面胶结结构更稳定。现场12口一体化潜活性材料应用证明,钻井液中加入一体化潜活性材料对于提高固井第二界面质量有一定好处,应进一步加大推广应用。     

强光场中氦原子的ATI谱

提出了一个新的处理强光中基态氦原子阈上电离谱的解析模型。由这个模型算得的基态氦原子阈上电离谱同最近的实验结果作了比较。同时简单地讨论了现在的模型对先前的模型的改进。     

Analytische Eigenschaften des Druckaufschlusses organischer Substanzen

Zusammenfassung In Verbindung mit der Vorstellung eines neuen Aufschlußverfahrens für organische Substanzen wurden in [3] die Wiederfmdungsraten vierwichtiger Schadmetalle bei 142 Einzelaufschlüssen tierischer Matrices mitgeteilt. Ihre statistische Auswertung ergab, daß die Wiederfindungsrate im Bereich unterhalb eines ppm vom Massengehalt des Analyten und von der Art der Matrix unabhängig ist. Ihr globaler Mittelwert lag für jedes Element über 90%. Damit ergibt sich eine breite Anwendbarkeit der Methode. Entscheidend für den Analysenfehler sind die Schwankungen der Wiederfindungsrate von Probe zu Probe. Für die AAS und RFA ergaben sich globale Mittelwerte dieser Standardabweichungen von 5–6%, für die Photometrie von etwa 9%.

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Analytical properties of the pressure digestion method for organic substances

Summary In connection with the introduction of a new pressure digestion method for organic materials [3] the recovery rates of four important harmful metals in animal matrices were given for 142 single digestions. Their statistical evaluation had the result that there is no dependence on the concentration of the analyte and on the kind of the matrix below one ppm. The mean value of the recovery rates of all digestions exceeds 90%. Therefore, a broad application of the method is possible. The fluctuations of the recovery rates from one sample to another are very important with respect to the analysis error. The mean values of the respective standard deviations were found to be 5–6% for AAS and X-ray spectrometry and about 9% for photometric analysis.