变频器在恒压供水系统中的应用

以SANKEN变频器的应用实例,介绍城市热力站恒压供水系统的改进设计,采用PID调节规律,稳定系统管道的压力,并对变频器控制水泵的节能原理作了分析.     

Molekül‐Detektive. Biosensoren

Biosensors are analytical devices incorporating biological material (receptor) intimately associated with or integrated within a physicochemical transducer. Advantages are the high selectivity for analyte detection. Examples given comprise the very successful commercial blood glucose biosensors made for the self‐control by the diabetic patients. Other biosensors are part of an analytic system, including the sensor chips of surface plasmon resonance or interferometry based devices, piezoelectric or reflectometric sensors capable of direct measurement of mass changes, and thermometric and other reagentless sensors. The development of nanotubes‐based devices allows for significant enhancment of the signal‐tonoise ratio of the biosensors. A milestone on the way towards miniaturization and parallelization of biosensors is the recently developed and prize‐winning electronic DNA chip.     

功率型压电陶瓷的分类及研究进展综述

功率型压电材料是大功率换能器及压电变压器等的核心功能材料,广泛应用于声纳系统、超声检测、振动控制及其它机电设备等。尽管其组成和制备方法与其他压电材料类似,但特定的使用目的对功率型压电材料提出了特殊的综合性能要求。本文基于对功率型压电陶瓷材料组成的分类归纳,综述了该材料的性能特点、国内外研究进展,并对现存问题和应用前景进行了论述。     

Single-element ultrasonic transducer modeling using a hybrid FD–PSTD method

In a recent publication [E. Filoux, S. Callé, D. Certon, M. Lethiecq, F. Levassort, Modeling of piezoelectric transducers with combined pseudospectral and finite-difference methods, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123 (6) (2008) 4165–4173], a new finite-difference/pseudospectral time-domain (FD–PSTD) algorithm was presented and used to model the generation of acoustic waves by a piezoelectric resonator and their propagation in the structure and the surrounding water. In this paper, the model has been extended to simulate the two-dimensional behaviour of a complete single-element transducer, composed of the resonator, a backing and a front matching layer. This further version of the model takes into account the mechanical loss in materials, and enables the calculation of electrical impedance, which is a characteristic of high interest to optimize the performance of ultrasonic transducers. The impedance curves of a PZT [URL: http://www.ferroperm-piezo.com (last viewed 04/2008); B. Jaffe, R.S. Roth, S. Marzullo, Piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate-lead titanate solid-solution ceramics, J. Appl. Phys. 25 (1954) 809–810] plate-based high-frequency transducer, with a 50 MHz thickness resonant frequency, were compared to those of a KLM model [R. Krimholtz, D.A. Leedom, G.L. Matthei, New equivalent circuit for elementary piezoelectric transducers, Electron. Lett. 6 (1970) 398–399] in the one-dimensional case. The acoustical properties were also found to be in good agreement with those obtained using the finite element (FE) method of ATILA^® software in two-dimensional configuration.     

Direct optical sensors: principles and selected applications

In the field of bio and chemosensors a large number of detection principles has been published within the last decade. These detection principles are based either on the observation of fluorescence-labelled systems or on direct optical detection in the heterogeneous phase. Direct optical detection can be measured by remission (absorption of reflected radiation, opt(r)odes), by measuring micro-refractivity, or measuring interference. In the last case either Mach–Zehnder interferometers or measurement of changes in the physical thickness of the layer (measuring micro-reflectivity) caused, e.g., by swelling effects in polymers (due to interaction with analytes) or in bioassays (due to affinity reactions) also play an important role. Here, an overview of methods of microrefractometric and microreflectometric principles is given and benefits and drawbacks of the various approaches are demonstrated using samples from the chemo and biosensor field. The quality of sensors does not just depend on transduction principles but on the total sensor system defined by this transduction, the sensitive layer, data acquisition electronics, and evaluation software. The intention of this article is, therefore, to demonstrate the essentials of the interaction of these parts within the system, and the focus is on optical sensing using planar transducers, because fibre optical sensors have been reviewed in this journal only recently. Lack of selectivity of chemosensors can be compensated either by the use of sensor arrays or by evaluating time-resolved measurements of analyte/sensitive layer interaction. In both cases chemometrics enables the quantification of analyte mixtures. These data-processing methods have also been successfully applied to antibody/antigen interactions even using cross-reactive antibodies. Because miniaturisation and parallelisation are essential approaches in recent years, some aspects and current trends, especially for bio-applications, will be discussed. Miniaturisation is especially well covered in the literature.     

空气耦合超声检测复合材料研究综述*

复合材料普遍具有高比强度、高比刚度、高模量、耐腐蚀等优异性能,广泛应用于飞机机翼、导弹外壳、航空发动机壳体等部位。制造和服役过程中各类缺陷影响复合材料的力学性能和服役性能,必须采用有效的方法准确检测和评估复合材料中各类缺陷。空气耦合式超声检测具有完全非接触、非侵入、无损伤和无需耦合剂的特点,能够很好地运用于复合材料的在线和在位检测。该文就近年来空气耦合超声检测技术的研究现状进行了系统综述,简明扼要地分析和介绍了当前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点及进展,重点介绍了1-3型压电复合材料换能器、信号处理技术、相控聚焦式空气耦合超声检测、超声在复合材料的传播特性及其与缺陷交互作用的研究现状,探讨了空气耦合超声无损检测技术与仪器的发展方向,总结了目前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点问题,最后展望了空气耦合超声检测的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Sound fields radiated from a linear phased array based on analytical solutions of transient elastic waves

Beam characteristics of a linear phased array transducer are critical to its engineering applications as well as to its design. This paper proposes a method for the theoretical calculation of ultrasound field radiated by a linear phased array coupled to an elastic solid by a longitudinal wave couplant. In this case, the ultrasound field can be determined by superposition of the exact and analytical solutions of transient elastic waves induced by a number of discrete line sources normally acting on an elastic half-space. Based on the theoretical calculation, this work investigated the influences of several important parameters in a linear array transducer, such as wave length, array size, ratio of element width to inter-element spacing, to the ultrasound field characteristics. Interesting phenomena and useful results are obtained, which provide fast and accurate guidance for linear phased array transducer design. It also satisfies diverse and specific demands for actual engineering testing using arrayed transducers.     

毛细管流动池在光声检测中的应用

设计了适于激光诱导光声流动检测的毛细管流动池,讨论了池的特点及其在分析化学中的应用,用该池检测Co~(2+),检测限相当于2×10~(-6)cm~(-1)光吸收。     

压电换能器的声非线性

通过对输入回路中的电流进行谐波分析,得到了在不同输入信号电压下的非线性信号强度,并以此来表征压电换能器本身振动非线性的大小。     

水声信道高速率数据传输中换能器频谱特性的均衡

海洋水声信道严重的多途特性造成的码间干扰是水声信道高速率数据传输技术所需克服的最大困难,而接收和发射换能器在所用频带的不平坦又加剧了多途的影响．并详细讨论了克服多途效应造成的码间干扰采取的一项重要措施：换能器频谱特性的均衡技术