Averaging methods for numerical simulations of flows through heterogeneous porous media

Many natural rock systems contain small patches of different permeability which affect the flow of fluids through them. As these heterogeneities become smaller and more numerous, they become harder to model numerically. We consider how to reduce the computational effort required in simulations by incorporating their effects in the boundary conditions at the edges of each grid block. This is in contrast with current methods which involve often arbitrary changes in the fluid properties. The method is restricted to the case of widely-spaced patches, which simplifies interaction effects. The system then reduces to an array of dipoles, and two averaging methods are proposed for finite grid blocks. Several infinite systems, including vertical and horizontal bands, are also considered as further approximations. There is a great wealth of existing results from different fields which lead to identical mathematical problems and which can be used in these cases. Finally, we consider how to use these techniques when the precise configuration of the grid block is not known, but only its statistical properties. This can lead to results which are very different from the deterministic case.     

Transient flow of slightly compressible fluids through double-porosity,double-permeability systems — A state-of-the-art review

The theory of transient flow of slightly compressible fluids through naturally fractured reservoirs based on the double porosity conceptualization is summarized. The main achievements in the theory of fluid flow in leaky aquifer systems which are closely related with the double-porosity, double-permeability problems are also addressed. The main emphasis of this review is the analytical treatment of these problems.     

非均质气藏水平井三维渗流的产能预测方法

建立了非均质气藏水平井三维渗流产能预测的数学模型,采用有限元方法对其进行求解,求解时将地质模型区块中不同空间位置处的渗透率值以及其它气藏物性参数分别布置到有限元模型的相应位置处的网格中,从而体现了三维空间中气藏的非均质特性.分析了非均质性对气藏水平井产能的影响.结果表明,气藏的非均质性对水平井的产气量影响很大,在相同的生产压差下,存在高渗透带的气藏水平井产量明显高于均质气藏水平井的产量;高渗透带条数越多、渗透率越大,导致气藏内压力消耗越小,水平井产量越高.最后,结合松辽盆地徐深层气田的地质特点和储层特性,给出了该气田的水平井产能预测实例.研究方法符合气藏的实际情况,为气藏水平井,特别是非均质气藏水平井的产能预测提供了一种行之有效的方法.     

鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩油优质储层特征分析

以YJ1井为研究对象, 采用扫描电子显微镜和高压压汞技术, 对鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩油储集空间进行定性和定量表征; 通过核磁共振技术研究储层可动流体, 详细地探讨影响储层质量差异的主控因素。结果表明, 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段页岩油优质储层的岩性主要为细粒?极细粒岩屑砂岩, 沉积微相主要为砂质碎屑流沉积; 储集空间包括原生粒间孔隙和次生溶蚀孔隙, 粒间孔占比多于溶蚀孔。根据孔隙结构特征, 将储层划分为3类, 其中Ⅰ类储层为研究区内最优质储层。研究区储层流体的可动性主要受孔隙结构的影响, 可动流体主要分布在大孔隙内, 有效的孔隙体积是流体可动性的制约因素。研究区内砂质碎屑流成因的砂体是形成优质储层的必要条件, 岩石中骨架颗粒与胶结物的比例是导致储层物性变化的原因, 当骨架颗粒增加而胶结物含量降低时, 易形成优质储层。     

滇东-黔西二叠系龙潭组层序格架内致密天然气储层特征

在沉积序列、沉积特征和物性分析基础上,研究滇东-黔西地区二叠系龙潭组层序格架和致密储层类型及其空间展布规律。龙潭组是扬子板块在二叠纪碳酸盐台地基础上形成的以煤系为特点的海陆过渡相沉积,主要物源区是西部川滇地区,相带走向为北东-南西向。滇东-黔西一带靠物源一侧的西部地区以河流相细砂岩为主,往东为以含煤层系为特点的中间过渡相带和靠海一侧的河口湾海岸相带。龙潭组岩石类型主要有煤岩、泥页岩和致密砂岩,这3种岩石构成了3种致密天然气储层,都具有一定的含气性,但含气量从煤岩→泥页岩→致密砂岩具有逐渐变弱的变化规律。煤岩物性相对较好,泥页岩物性较差,致密砂岩物性最差。煤岩储层在黔西的大方-金沙-六盘水地区和滇东的富源-曲靖-罗平-丘北地区较为发育,三角洲平原、潮坪-潟湖相是煤层气发育的有利相带;往东南靠海方向主要发育泥页岩致密储层的潮坪-潟湖相带;致密砂岩储层主要发育在北西方向靠物源一侧的三角洲前缘亚相。煤岩和泥页岩在相邻的黔北地区、四川泸州、重庆永川和云南的弥勒、普者黑等地延展分布,这些区域的龙潭组可能存在相应的致密储层和天然气藏。     

深层低渗稠油径向钻孔储层敏感参数研究

深层低渗稠油油藏具有地质条件复杂、储量丰度低、经济效益差等特点,采用常规稠油热采或冷采工艺均无法实现有效动用,考虑径向钻孔技术具有定层位、定方位、定深度等技术优势,建立基于径向钻孔方式下的数值模拟模型,开展储层敏感参数间相互关系研究,最终建立径向钻孔模型下的开发技术界限筛选图版,为后期能否顺利实施径向钻孔提供合理筛选标准。     

陕甘宁盆地中部奥陶系碳酸盐风化壳中的地开石及其与储层的关系

陕甘宁盆地奥陶系碳酸盐古风化壳天然气储集层中存在丰富的高岭石族矿物，经扫描电镜观察、单矿物样的Ｘ射线衍射、红外吸收光谱及差热分析，确认为地开石，而不是高岭石。由于地开石的存在反映酸性的成岩介质，这不利于作为孔隙封堵物的高铁、锰方解石和白云石的沉淀，而有利于碳酸盐矿物的溶解，对埋藏成岩过程中储层孔隙的保存与发育极为有利；同时由于地开石的分子体积小于高岭石，高岭石向地开石的转化会有多余的孔隙空间出现．并形成更多的晶间孔隙，因而地开石通常是好储层的指示矿物。此外．据该地开石形成温度判断，奥陶系碳酸盐储层所经历的最大古地温为１４０～１６０℃。     

Effect of interaction of electromagnetic fields with a resonant medium in epr when the saturating field is small compared with the local field

We propose a system of Bloch equations, modified to take into account the presence of a dipole-dipole reservoir (DDR), for the case when the saturating magnetic field is small compared with the local field. We take into account the transverse and longitudinal magnetizations in the equation for the DDR, in contrast to our previous papers in which we took into account only the longitudinal magnetization. Using the system obtained, we solve the problem of the interaction of three fields, where one is the saturating field, the second is the probe field, and the third is a combination field that is the result of the interaction of the first two fields in a resonant medium. We have studied the imaginary and real parts of the susceptibility of the system at the probe field frequency, both when the interacting waves have different frequencies and when they have matching frequencies (the degenerate case). We have compared the results with those we obtained previously. For the degenerate case, we consider the frequency dependence of the parametric coupling coefficient of the waves. We show that weak waves can be enhanced as they pass through a layer of a resonant absorbing medium. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 462–466, July–August, 2006.     

川西坳陷上侏罗统蓬莱镇组水-岩相互作用研究

根据川西坳陷上侏罗统中段蓬莱镇组储层的成岩作用具有长石溶解,硅质和方解石胶结的特点,应用GWB软件分析各井矿物的溶解和沉淀,得到平面等值线图,并对蓬莱镇组有利储集相带进行了预测.研究结果表明:计算得到的长石、方解石含量等值线图与实际测量得到的长石、方解石含量等值线图的变化规律一致,说明所选的模拟条件可信;影响本区矿物溶解与沉淀的主要因素是长石含量、地温和pH值;孝泉和新场地区地温低、长石含量中等、pH值低,为次生孔隙发育的Ⅰ类区;马井、新都和洛带地区地温梯度、长石含量及pH值不完全匹配,为次生孔隙发育的Ⅱ类区;温江地区为Ⅲ类区.     

A novel far-boundary condition for the finite element analysis of infinite reservoir

The present paper deals with the finite element analysis of the reservoir of infinite extent using a novel far-boundary condition. The equations of motion are expressed in terms of the pressure only assuming water as inviscid and incompressible. The truncation boundary condition is developed numerically from the classical wave equation. Comparative studies show that the proposed far-boundary condition is numerically efficient and accurate over the existing ones, available in the literature. The effect of the geometry of the reservoir bed and the adjacent structure on the development hydrodynamic pressure has been studied. The results show that the geometry of the reservoir bed and as well as the adjacent structure has considerable effect on the development of hydrodynamic pressure at the dam–reservoir interface.