CARS difference spectroscopy

Summary In this paper we present a vibrational-spectroscopy technique which combines the advantages of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and linear Raman difference spectroscopy. The method which we call CARS difference spectroscopy can be applied for the study of small frequency shifts and/or bandwidth changes in the CARS spectra of liquid mixtures and solutions. First we develop the theory necessary for the interpretation of experimental data obtained from CARS difference measurements of mixtures of two Raman-active liquids and present some model calculations for benzene-toluene mixtures of different concentrations. Then the experimental arrangement used for CARS difference measurements as well as some examples of recorded spectra are described. We show that it is possible to observe the effects of dilution on CARS spectra with high accuracy by applying the discussed technique. Paper presented at the “XI European CARS Workshop”, Florence, Italy, 23–25 March, 1992.     

Electronic transport time through mesoscopic devices with contact barriers

Information about the transport time of electrons through a quasi one-dimensional sample is obtained by calculating the energy auto-correlation function of the conductance. Depending on the length of the sample and its coupling to the external device (here modelled by perfectly conducting leads), the transport time undergoes a smooth crossover between two different limiting regimes. In the case of long samples and good coupling it coincides with the diffusion time. In the opposite limit of short and weakly coupled systems, however, the transport time is given by the reciprocal of the quantum mechanical decay width into the leads. The transition between both regimes is discussed in terms of a few model independent concepts.     

KrF激光脉冲整形研究

 实验研究了脉冲堆积法对KrF激光的整形能力。利用受激布里渊散射(SBS)压缩脉冲获得了脉宽为3~5 ns的短脉冲，用4束激光堆积获得了脉宽为10~15 ns、平顶宽度为5~10 ns的整形脉冲。利用实测SBS脉冲数据，对脉冲堆积法进行了数值模拟，模拟的脉冲宽度为12.7 ns，平顶宽度为7.7 ns，该结果与实验相符。对脉冲堆积法的任意整形能力进行了模拟，讨论了脉冲宽度变化对整形的影响，发现脉宽变化在5%以内时，对整形脉冲的影响较小。对整形脉冲的放大进行了定性研究，结果表明：平顶脉冲通过放大器后，前沿部分放大较多，由于饱和作用，后沿放大较少；如果前端整形脉冲前沿为斜坡状，放大后可以得到近平顶的脉冲。     

Combining linear polarization spectroscopy and the Representative Layer Theory to measure the Beer–Lambert law absorbance of highly scattering materials

Visible and Near Infrared (Vis–NIR) Spectroscopy is a powerful non destructive analytical method used to analyze major compounds in bulk materials and products and requiring no sample preparation. It is widely used in routine analysis and also in-line in industries, in-vivo with biomedical applications or in-field for agricultural and environmental applications. However, highly scattering samples subvert Beer–Lambert law's linear relationship between spectral absorbance and the concentrations. Instead of spectral pre-processing, which is commonly used by Vis–NIR spectroscopists to mitigate the scattering effect, we put forward an optical method, based on Polarized Light Spectroscopy to improve the absorbance signal measurement on highly scattering samples. This method selects part of the signal which is less impacted by scattering. The resulted signal is combined in the Absorption/Remission function defined in Dahm's Representative Layer Theory to compute an absorbance signal fulfilling Beer–Lambert's law, i.e. being linearly related to concentration of the chemicals composing the sample. The underpinning theories have been experimentally evaluated on scattering samples in liquid form and in powdered form. The method produced more accurate spectra and the Pearson's coefficient assessing the linearity between the absorbance spectra and the concentration of the added dye improved from 0.94 to 0.99 for liquid samples and 0.84–0.97 for powdered samples.     

On the application of the Wiener–Hopf technique to problems in dynamic elasticity

Many problems in linear elastodynamics, or dynamic fracture mechanics, can be reduced to Wiener–Hopf functional equations defined in a strip in a complex transform plane. Apart from a few special cases, the inherent coupling between shear and compressional body motions gives rise to coupled systems of equations, and so the resulting Wiener–Hopf kernels are of matrix form. The key step in the solution of a Wiener–Hopf equation, which is to decompose the kernel into a product of two factors with particular analyticity properties, can be accomplished explicitly for scalar kernels. However, apart from special matrices which yield commutative factorizations, no procedure has yet been devised to factorize exactly general matrix kernels.

This paper shall demonstrate, by way of example, that the Wiener–Hopf approximant matrix (WHAM) procedure for obtaining approximate factors of matrix kernels (recently introduced by the author in [SIAM J. Appl. Math. 57 (2) (1997) 541]) is applicable to the class of matrix kernels found in elasticity, and in particular to problems in QNDE. First, as a motivating example, the kernel arising in the model of diffraction of skew incident elastic waves on a semi-infinite crack in an isotropic elastic space is studied. This was first examined in a seminal work by Achenbach and Gautesen [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61 (2) (1977) 413] and here three methods are offered for deriving distinct non-commutative factorizations of the kernel. Second, the WHAM method is employed to factorize the matrix kernel arising in the problem of radiation into an elastic half-space with mixed boundary conditions on its face. Third, brief mention is made of kernel factorization related to the problems of flexural wave diffraction by a crack in a thin (Mindlin) plate, and body wave scattering by an interfacial crack.     

A New Scheme for High‐Intensity Laser‐Driven Electron Acceleration in a Plasma

We propose a new approach to high‐intensity relativistic laser‐driven electron acceleration in a plasma. Here, we demonstrate that a plasma wave generated by a stimulated forward‐scattering of an incident laser pulse can be in the longest acceleration phase with injected relativistic beam electrons. This is why the plasma wave has the maximum amplification coefficient which is determined by the acceleration time and the breakdown (overturn) electric field in which the acceleration of the injected beam electrons occurs. We must note that for the longest acceleration phase the relativity of the injected beam electrons plays a crucial role in our scheme. We estimate qualitatively the acceleration parameters of relativistic electrons in the field of a plasma wave generated at the stimulated forward‐scattering of a high‐intensity laser pulse in a plasma. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

利用自发布里渊散射测量液体声速

为了克服共振干涉法在液体的热力学声速和高频声速测量方面精度不高的问题, 本文建立了一种基于自发布里渊散射原理的测定液体声速的实验装置. 利用法布里-珀罗干涉仪对散射光进行扫描滤波, 数据采集卡结合光子计数器对散射光进行探测, 设计了一种散射光信息采集分析方法. 该实验方法有效的解决了传统布里渊散射方法中信号失真的问题, 显著地提升了液体声速测量精度. 对308.6–906.2 MHz内298.15 K饱和液相CCl₄声速进行了测量, 测量结果与文献值具有较好一致性. 利用法布里-珀罗干涉仪周期性扫描的滤波原理, 通过在测量得到的布里渊频移上加减整数倍个自由波谱区, 得到了更大频率的波谱信息, 进而设计一种测定介质高频声速的方法. 对CCl₄在5406.1–5521.0 MHz频段内的声速进行了测量. 实验结果显示, CCl₄的热力学声速随频率无明显变化, 而高频声速随频率的增大呈增大趋势且远大于热力学声速, 证实CCl₄具有色散现象.     

室温合成金红石TiO2及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体, 在室温下通过水解沉淀法合成了金红石型TiO₂纳米粒子; 用X射线衍射(XRD)研究了反应温度、酸度以及酸的种类对形成TiO₂晶型的影响. 实验结果表明, 高酸度、低温度以及Cl-有助于金红石相的生成. 在相同条件下加入一定量P105 (EO₃₇PO₅₆EO₃₇)三嵌段聚合物制备出一种金红石型粗糙聚集球. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明这种粗糙聚集球直径大约350 nm, 比表面积测试(BET)及紫外漫反射测试发现粗糙球在保持较大比表面积的同时有散射效应. 此粗糙球与20 nm TiO₂粒子以质量比1:4混合作为工作电极的散射层并应用于染料敏化太阳能电池, 电池效率达到7.27%, 较不加粗糙球的效率提高17%; 我们认为这是因为在保持工作电极染料吸附量基本不变的条件下粗糙球提高光散射性能.