论“丝绸之路经济带”与西藏经济外向发展

2013年以来,“丝绸之路经济带”已引起我国最高决策层的重视,即将成为我国和中亚各国共同推进的跨洲区域合作。西藏从唐代起就通过唐蕃古道、茶马古道等古商道、驿道或贡道与古丝绸之路相连接。改革开放以后,西藏经济北向、东向发展步伐加快,通过青藏经济一体化,融入“大西南经济圈”,可以说已经在某种程度上融入了“丝绸之路经济带”。文章通过阐述西藏和丝绸之路的关系,试图说明西藏加入或融入“丝绸之路经济带”的意义及可能性,并对西藏借助该经济带促进自身外向发展提出建议。     

A New Catalyst in the Crease Recovery Finishing of Silk Fabrics with Epoxide

IntroductionSilk, among natural and synthetic fibers, is one of themost favored textile materials because of its excellent wearcomfort and elegant appearance. Because of theseproperties, it is regarded as a luxury material. Silk has acombination of many desirable properties. Unfortunately,its major weakness, a very low wet resiliency, causesconsiderable inconvenience in the use of silk textiles. Sincethe beginning of 1970 s, much research has been carriedout, ma…     

唐代丝绸织染业概说

本文结合考古发现和历史文献,从丝绸产地的扩大、丝绸产量的增加、丝绸织染业内部分工的细致、丝绸花色品种的繁多以及丝绸织染技术的不断更新等五个方面,详细论述了唐代,尤其是中唐以后丝绸织染手工业技术发展的概况。     

Preparation and characterization of chitin whisker-reinforced silk fibroin nanocomposite sponges

For highly porous form such as sponges or scaffolds, the induction of the β-sheet formation of silk fibroin to make the water-stable materials usually results in their high shrinkage leading to a difficulty in controlling shape and size of materials. Thus, the objective of this study was to improve dimensional stability of silk fibroin sponge by incorporating chitin whiskers as nanofiller. Chitin whiskers exhibited the average length and width of 427 and 43 nm, respectively. Nanocomposite sponges at chitin whiskers to silk fibroin weight ratio (C/S ratio) of 0, 1/8, 2/8, or 4/8 were prepared by using a freeze-drying technique. The dispersion of chitin whiskers embedded in the silk fibroin matrix was found to be homogeneous. The presence of chitin whiskers embedded into silk fibroin sponge not only improved its dimensional stability but also enhanced its compression strength. Regardless of the chitin whisker content, SEM micrographs showed that all samples possessed an interconnected pore network with an average pore size of 150 μm. To investigate the feasibility of the nanocomposites for tissue engineering applications, L929 cells were seeded onto their surfaces, the results indicated that silk fibroin sponges both with and without chitin whiskers were cytocompatible. Moreover, when compared to the neat silk fibroin sponge, the incorporation of chitin whiskers into the silk fibroin matrix was found to promote cell spreading.     

蚕丝蒸汽闪爆改性后的形态结构研究

采用蒸汽闪爆技术对蚕丝进行物理改性 ,利用扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线衍射、热分析等现代分析方法对处理前后的蚕丝进行形态结构表征 ,结果表明经蒸汽闪爆处理后 ,蚕丝表面形态 ,结晶结构 ,溶解性能有较大的改变 ,蚕丝的化学反应性能有了一定的改善 .     

用丝素膜制备的纳米CdS及其光催化活性研究

根据蚕丝丝素蛋白等电点约4.5的特性,以CdCl_2·2.5H_2O和CH_3CSNH_2为原料,将CdCl_2用明胶包覆后置于定制的丝素膜反应器中,在pH=6条件下制得纳米 CdS。经 UV、AFM表征,CdS的平均粒径为 5～10 nm,其对活性染料 KD-8B有较好的光催化降解活性。     

Topochemistry,optical anisotropy and FT-IR microspectroscopy of the cocoon of Lithurgus chrysurus (Hymenoptera,Megachilidae)

A previous study has not revealed the participation of a mucous component in the cocoon wall of the solitary bee, Lithurgus chrysurus, differing from the cocoon structure reported for many other bee species. However, uncertainty remains, because only the median and rear zones of this cocoon type have thus far been analyzed. Here, we studied the front zone of this cocoon, searching its components and their organization, to fill this knowledge gap. Topochemical assays, polarization microscopy and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy were used to study cross sections from L. chrysurus cocoon. Three main layers differing in structural organization were found to compose the cocoon wall. Silk fibroins were assumed to constitute the filamentous threads of the inner and outer layers and the laminar structure of the intermediate layer. Deduced from its topochemical properties and FT-IR spectral signature, a foamy material containing mucin glycoproteins and carboxylated acid glycosaminoglycans was found in the intermediate layer. FT-IR analysis using a Savitzky-Golay 2nd-derivative and absence of linear dichroism and birefringence phenomena suggest that a random-coil secondary structure predominates in the foam component. Co-existence of α-helical and β-sheet conformations is also hypothesized for the fibroin component of this cocoon. It is thus concluded that in addition to fibroin elements, a mucous component, likely contributed by a Malpighian tubule secretion, integrates the composition of the front zone of the cocoon wall of L. chrysurus. In addition, the FT-IR analysis of the inner layer silk of this cocoon suggests significant differences in comparison to the silk fibroins of the silkworm, and some minor spectral differences in comparison to published data on the honeybee silk, with respect to protein secondary structure.     

Secretion-Catalyzed Assembly of Protein Biomaterials on a Bacterial Membrane Surface

Protein-based biomaterials have played a key role in tissue engineering, and additional exciting applications as self-healing materials and sustainable polymers are emerging. Over the past few decades, recombinant expression and production of various fibrous proteins from microbes have been demonstrated; however, the resulting proteins typically must then be purified and processed by humans to form usable fibers and materials. Here, we show that the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis can be programmed to secrete silk through its translocon via an orthogonal signal peptide/peptidase pair. Surprisingly, we discover that this translocation mechanism drives the silk proteins to assemble into fibers spontaneously on the cell surface, in a process we call secretion-catalyzed assembly (SCA). Secreted silk fibers form self-healing hydrogels with minimal processing. Alternatively, the fibers retained on the membrane provide a facile route to create engineered living materials from Bacillus cells. This work provides a blueprint to achieve autonomous assembly of protein biomaterials in useful morphologies directly from microbial factories.     

蚕丝丝素纤维中氨基酸在丝素纤维的径向分布研究

通过显微镜观察、红外光谱、氨基酸组成分析、福林试剂分析等方法研究蚕丝丝素纤维的微结构、丝素表层和内层的结构差异 ,研究氨基酸尤其是对丝素纤维的结构和性能起重要影响的主要芳香族氨基酸———酪氨酸在丝素由表及里各层中的含量和分布 ,以期最终揭示丝素结构与蚕丝织物应用中的固有缺陷 (如泛黄、易皱、色牢度等 )的关系 .结果表明蚕丝丝素存在多层次结构 ,表层无定形区的比例较高 ,里层结晶区的比例较高 ;侧基较大的氨基酸和赖氨酸、组氨酸、胱氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、酪氨酸等在丝素的表层分布相对较多 ,而乙氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸等小侧基氨基酸则在中间层至里层较多     

丝素蛋白的构象转变

丝素蛋白的构象转变于同隐，张胜，邵正中（复旦大学高分子科学系和聚合物分子工程开放实验室，上海，２００４３３）关键词丝素蛋白，构象转变，扫描隧道显微镜桑蚕丝素蛋白是生丝的主要组分。蚕在作茧时，将体内水溶性的丝素蛋白排出体外，成为不溶性的茧丝，这一过程既...