氯化钠溶液中纳米银胶的紫外-可见光谱研究

考察了纳米银胶制备中的一系列影响因素。用TEM和UV-Vis表征了水溶性高分子PVP,PVA和强电解质NaCl对纳米银胶的影响,发现不同制备方法和不同介质中得到的纳米银胶的分散性质和粒径大小不同,吸收光谱有差别。NaCl的加入对纳米银胶的吸收光谱影响显著,尤其是对于没有PVP,PVA保护的体系,当溶液中NaCl浓度达到某一临界值时,纳米银胶的吸收光谱出现突变。     

盐离子对双链DNA分子弹性影响的研究P

在DNA延伸过程中,考虑到氢键相互作用以及盐浓度(Na+)对氢键和堆积作用的影响,给出了修正的ZZO模型,得到了力-延伸曲线随盐浓度的变化规律.结果表明:随盐浓度的增加,延伸相变力非线性增加,并最终趋于稳定,理论计算结果与实验测量一致.     

中国黄河三角洲的草地

黄河三角洲是中国最大的三角洲之一。草地是本地区主要自然植被类型。芦苇群落、白茅群落、獐茅群落和盐地碱蓬群落是该草地的4个基本类型。本文研究了它们的性质及其环境因子特征。草地的平均年产草量可达2000kg/hecta。将放牧区与割草区分开、控制放牧的时间和强度、限制牧群的数量以及适宜地造林是合理利用草地资源的重要途径。建立自然保护区对于科学研究、草地生态系统的保护是必要的。     

Investigation of induction of air due to ultrasound source in the sonochemical reactors

A detailed investigation into the phenomena of induction of air using a novel arrangement of the ultrasonic horn (tip is located just above the liquid surface) has been made with the quantification of the extent of induction in terms of the air entrainment rate and the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient for the transfer of air into the system. The measurement of air entrainment rate was found to be quite difficult and hence focus was kept on the quantification in terms of the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient. The effect of ultrasonic power dissipation and type of the liquid medium (water, sodium chloride and sodium laruyl sulphate [surfactant] solution) on the mass transfer coefficient has been studied and correlations have been developed for the prediction of the same. Comparison with the mechanically agitated surface aerators has enabled us to understand the controlling mechanism in the induction and subsequent distribution of the air i.e. turbulence or convective motion. The present work should open an entirely new field of research in the area of design of sonochemical gas–liquid reactors operating possibly as a combination of gas-inducing reactors and cavitational reactors.     

ICP-AES测定岩盐中钾、钠、钙和镁的含量

用ICP-AES测定岩盐中钾、钠、钙和镁的含量,操作简便、快速,可同时测定多元素,结果准确。精密度小于2.11%,回收率为97.2%—102.0%,满足规范要求。     

小型模块化熔盐堆钍利用方案

钍基熔盐堆（Thorium Molten Salt Reactor,TMSR）核能系统先导专项的研究目标是研发第四代裂变反应堆核能系统（即钍基熔盐堆）。为充分利用液态燃料熔盐堆的在线添料与在线燃料处理的优势,同时考虑熔盐堆的快速部署,TMSR先导专项部署了小型模块化熔盐堆。考虑燃料处理技术现状及其可能的发展方向,小型模块化熔盐堆钍利用方案采用"三步走"战略。第一阶段采用在线加料与离线处理,实现钍的成规模利用;第二阶段采用在线加料和在线处理（U）与离线处理（MA）的结合,实现钍的高效利用;第三阶段采用在线加料及在线处理全部重金属,实现钍的自持增殖利用。随着"三步走"战略的逐步实施,钍铀燃料循环模式及后处理性能稳步提高,重金属利用率得到明显改善,同时有效降低了卸料毒性。考虑燃料许可容易度和建堆时间,首先为钍利用方案第一阶段布置了三种可能的启堆燃料,分别为低富集铀、低富集铀加钍和233U加钍。计算结果显示:以低富集铀启堆时,燃料循环性能与水堆相当;以233U启堆时,燃料利用率明显高于水堆,且其放射性毒性比水堆低约2个数量级。The missions of the Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR) Nuclear Energy System are to research and develop the thorium based molten salt reactors (MSR) belonging to the fourth generation of nuclear fission reactor system. A Small modular Molten Salt Reactor (SmMSR) is deployed to make full use of the advantages of online refueling and online reprocessing and to consider the rapid deployment of MSR. An innovative "three-stage" strategy of thorium utilization based on SmMSR is proposed to take the current condition of fuel reprocessing and its future evolution. The first stage can realize the thorium utilization at a large scale with online refueling and off-line processing. The second stage can obtain efficient thorium utilization with online refueling, online processing of uranium and off-line processing of minor actinides (MAs). The third stage is implemented with self-sustaining or breeding mode with online refueling and online processing of all heavy metals. Along with the development of three stages, the utilization of heavy metals will be obviously improved and the radio-toxicity will be significantly reduced. A SmMSR is designed to achieve the goals of the first stage of thorium utilization. And three kinds of nuclear fuel cycles with different startup fuel types (i.e., low enriched uranium (LEU), thorium mixed with LEU (LEU+Th) and thorium mixed with 233U (233U+Th)) are implemented. The results show that the performance for fuel cycle containing LEU is comparable to the pressurized-water reactor (PWR). Meanwhile, the nuclear utilization for that containing 233U is much higher than PWR, and the radio-toxicity for which is lower by ~2 magnitudes than that for PWR.     

Mass transfer enhancement of tuna brining with different NaCl concentrations assisted by ultrasound

The influence of different NaCl concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/w)) on the mass transfer kinetics of tuna during brining process with and without ultrasound assistance was evaluated. Results showed that an increase in NaCl concentration and the application of ultrasound accelerated the salt diffusion in the tuna muscle, and the highest yield was obtained in 5% brine concentration. Moreover, the kinetics parameters were significantly affected by the NaCl concentration and ultrasound application during brining. The values of the mass transfer kinetics parameters (k₁, k₂) for total and water weight changes decreased as NaCl concentration increased with and without ultrasound assistance during brining. In contrast, the higher the NaCl concentration, the higher the value of the salting kinetics parameters for salt weight changes. The application of ultrasound enhanced the salt effective diffusion coefficient (De) from 402.8% to 653.21% during the brining process, and the highest De was also found at 5% brine concentration. The application of ultrasound can improve the uniformity of salt distribution, enhance water holding capacity, reduce hardness and chewiness, but have no significant effect on color of tuna muscle.     

热红外光谱的干旱区土壤含盐量遥感反演

干旱区土壤盐渍化已对生态环境构成严重威胁,通过遥感技术对土壤盐分含量进行定量反演具有重要意义。通过采集艾比湖流域的农田土壤和盐壳结晶,在室内配制成不同含盐量梯度（盐分占盐土比重：0.3%～30%）的土壤样品,利用102F FTIR光谱仪测量土壤样品的热红外光谱,并通过普朗克函数拟合得到土壤发射率数据。土壤发射率光谱曲线特征：不同含盐量土壤的发射率光谱曲线在形态和变化趋势上基本一致,发射率随含盐量增加而增大;盐分因子对Reststrahlen吸收特征有抑制作用,随着含盐量的增加,Reststrahlen吸收特征会减弱。通过发射率与含盐量相关性分析：土壤热红外发射率与盐分含量呈正相关关系,最大相关系数达到0.899,对应的波段为9.21 μm;8.2～10.5 μm是土壤盐分因子的最敏感波段。通过一元线性回归、多元逐步回归和偏最小二乘法建模分析比较,偏最小二乘法效果最佳,模型预测的R2达到0.958,RMSE为1.911%。选择ASTER,Landsat8和HJ-1B卫星传感器的热红外波段,进行发射率光谱模拟,通过相关性分析：ASTER的B10,B11和B12波段属于热红外光谱对盐分因子的敏感波段,与土壤含盐量相关性较高,相关系数分别为0.706,0.786和0.872。采用多元线性回归法建立基于ASTER热红外波段的土壤含盐量预测模型,模型预测的R2为0.833,RMSE为3.895%。结果表明,遥感传感器对土壤含盐量的预测能力,取决于传感器的光谱波段对盐分因子的敏感程度,通过卫星热红外遥感定量反演土壤含盐量是可行的,为干旱区土壤盐渍化遥感监测提供了新的途径和参考。     

Preparation of carbon-aerogel polypyrrole composite for desalination by hybrid capacitive desalination method

Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology with great potential applications. Most researchers view it as a viable water treatment alternative to reverse osmosis. This research reports the preparation and application of a carbon aerogel polypyrrole (CA-PPy) composite for the desalination of NaCl solution by the hybrid CDI method. The carbon aerogel (CA) was prepared from a Resorcinol / Formaldehyde precursor by the sol–gel method. The aerogel obtained from the sol–gel was then pyrolysed in a tube furnace to form CA. Polypyrrole (PPy) was prepared by the Oxidative chemical polymerisation of pyrrole, ferric chloride hexahydrate (oxidant), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (dopant). A composite of CA and PPy was then prepared and used to modify carbon electrodes. The CA-PPy composite was characterised to verify its composition, morphology, thermal properties, and functional groups. The electrochemical properties of the material were determined by Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The electrochemical tests were done using a GAMRY potentiostat electrochemical workstation, a 1.0 M KCl was used as the electrolyte, and the applied potential window was (-0.2 to + 0.6) V for the CV test. The EIS test was done with the same concentration of KCl electrolyte at an applied potential of 0.22 V and at a frequency range of (0.1 – 100, 000) Hz. The optimal specific capacitance of the CA is 115F/g, and that of the composite is 360.1F/g, they were both obtained at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The CDI desalination study of the CA-PPy composite showed a salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of 10.10 mg/g (300 mg/L NaCl solution) – 15.7 mg/g (800 mg/L NaCl solution) at 1.2 V applied voltage. The salt recovery efficiency of the electrode material in the 300 mg/L solution is 27 %, in the 500 mg/L solution, it is 20.12 %, and in the 800 mg/L solution, it is 15.41 %. The electrode material also showed good electrochemical stability after nine cycles of ion adsorption/desorption study.