中国抗日战争应以七七事变为开端——兼与郭德宏先生商榷

中国抗日战争从九一八事变开始的观点是值得商榷的，因为九一八事变后，抗日并没有成为中国政治生活的主流，当时中国政局的关键仍然是如何结束国内政局的分裂与动荡状态，以实现国家的统一；九一八事变后，中日之间的战争仍只是属于局部战争，而中日两国并没有进入国与国之间的一种全面战争状态。只有到了七七事变之后，抗日才真正成为中国社会压倒一切的时代主题，中国抗日战争因此应从七七事变算起比较合适。     

论国民党军敌后游击战的失败

抗日战争中，国民党军不仅在正面战场上与日军进行了大规模的会战，而且也在敌后战场上发动游击战争，一定程度上牵制、消耗了部分敌军，发挥了积极作用。然而，由于国民党对敌后游击战的战略认识的偏颇，战术运用的僵化，又不善发动民众进行全民抗战，固守片面抗战路线，加之与中共敌后武装频繁摩擦，实力受损，又遭日军离间、利用，最终归于失败。     

硼铝共渗对T10钢性能的影响

对在不同条件下处理T10钢进行了磨损试验,氧化试验、腐蚀试验和B-Al共渗层的结合强度测试.结果表明,在比较之下B-Al共渗层的耐磨性,抗氧化性、耐蚀性和结合强度都比较高.     

Oddness to resistance ratios in cubic graphs

Let $G$ be a bridgeless cubic graph. Oddness (weak oddness) is defined as the minimum number of odd components in a 2-factor (an even factor) of $G$, denoted as $\omega \left(G\right)$ (Steffen, 2004) (${\omega }^{\prime }\left(G\right)$ Lukot’ka and Mazák (2016)). Oddness and weak oddness have been referred to as measurements of uncolourability (Fiol et al., 2017, Lukot’ka and Mazák, 2016, Lukot’ka et al., 2015 and, Steffen, 2004), due to the fact that $\omega \left(G\right)=0$ and ${\omega }^{\prime }\left(G\right)=0$ if and only if $G$ is 3-edge-colourable. Another so-called measurement of uncolourability is resistance, defined as the minimum number of edges that can be removed from $G$ such that the resulting graph is 3-edge-colourable, denoted as $r\left(G\right)$ (Steffen, 2004). It is easily shown that $\omega \left(G\right)\ge {\omega }^{\prime }\left(G\right)\ge r\left(G\right)$. While it has been shown that the difference between any two of these measures can be arbitrarily large, it has been conjectured that ${\omega }^{\prime }\left(G\right)\le 2r\left(G\right)$, and that if $G$ is a snark then $\omega \left(G\right)\le 2r\left(G\right)$ (Fiol et al., 2017). In this paper, we disprove the latter by showing that the ratio of oddness to weak oddness can be arbitrarily large. We also offer some insights into the former conjecture by defining what we call resistance reducibility, and hypothesizing that almost all cubic graphs are such resistance reducible.     

抗战时期秘鲁华侨对祖国的支援初探

海外侨胞在抗战时期的作用不言而喻，学术界也有不少论述，遗憾的是对秘鲁华侨在抗战时期的支援与贡献较少人提及。，“九一八”事变以后，秘鲁华侨爱国热情高涨，虽在地理上远离故土但心系祖国，在秘鲁组建秘鲁华侨对日宣战筹饷总会等抗日团体，通过义演、义展、义售、认购公债、自愿捐款等各种方式筹款为祖国作出支援。     

Resistance fluctuations in integer quantum-Hall transitions

We have studied the resistance fluctuations (RF) in integer quantum-Hall transitions for high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas systems. The role of coherence in RF is examined by investigating the conductance through two scattering regions, that are spatially separated but interfere quantum-mechanically with each other. The phase coherence does not play a substantial role in determining the pattern of RF, whereas it affects the amplitude of RF.     

Magnetic, resonance and transport properties of nanopowder of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 manganites

X-ray powder diffraction, magnetization, transport and magnetic resonance measurements of nanosize La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ (LCMO) manganites have been performed. The nanosize manganites were synthesized with a co-precipitation method at different (600, 700, 800 and 1000 °C) temperatures. The crystal structure of the nanopowders obtained was determined to be perovskite-like with a rhombohedral distortion (the space group R3¯c). The average size of synthesized nanoparticles (from 17 to 88 nm) was estimated using the X-ray diffraction and low temperature adsorption of argon methods. All the nanosize manganites show ferromagnetic-like ordering. Both the Curie temperature and magnetization decrease with reducing the particle size. The decrease of magnetization is due to the disordered surface shell of particles. The disordered surface layer is a source of the surface anisotropy and is responsible for the increase of coercivity. Temperature dependences of the magnetic resonance spectra parameters have allowed obtaining information on dynamics of magnetic properties in the nanoparticle systems. The resistivity was established to become higher by reducing the particles’ size and increases to a great extent in nanoparticles with the smallest average size at low temperatures. The magnetic entropy was shown to be smaller for the small particles. Using the temperature dependence of magnetic entropy the relative cooling power of the nanosize samples studied was evaluated.     

Kirchhoff index of composite graphs

Let G₁+G₂, G₁°G₂ and G₁{G₂} be the join, corona and cluster of graphs G₁ and G₂, respectively. In this paper, Kirchhoff index formulae of these composite graphs are given.     

Learning Electricity with NIELS: Thinking with Electrons and Thinking in Levels

Electricity is regarded as one of the most challenging topics for students of all ages. Several researchers have suggested that na?ve misconceptions about electricity stem from a deep incommensurability (Slotta and Chi 2006; Chi 2005) or incompatibility (Chi et al. 1994) between na?ve and expert knowledge structures. In this paper we argue that adopting an emergent levels-based perspective as proposed by Wilensky and Resnick (1999), allows us to reconceive commonly noted misconceptions in electricity as behavioral evidences of “slippage between levels,” i.e., these misconceptions appear when otherwise productive knowledge elements are sometimes activated inappropriately due to certain macro-level phenomenological cues only. We then introduce NIELS (NetLogo Investigations In Electromagnetism), a curriculum of emergent multi-agent-based computational models. NIELS models represent phenomena such as electric current and resistance as emergent from simple, body-syntonic interactions between electrons and other charges in a circuit. We discuss results from a pilot implementation of NIELS in an undergraduate physics course, that highlight the ability of an emergent levels-based approach to provide students with a deep, expert-like understanding of the relevant phenomena by bootstrapping, rather than discarding their existing repertoire of intuitive knowledge.

A four-electrode microconstant direct current resistance detector for ion chromatography applying ion-exchange membrane and porous electrode

A four-electrode microconstant direct current resistance detector for ion chromatography not sensitive to the effects of electrode polarization, capacitance, and electrolysis by-products is proposed. A constant current of microampere magnitude is applied across the current electrodes of the four-electrode device, and the voltage responses between the detection probes are directly picked up by a high input impedance instrumentation amplifier. The ion-exchange membranes, which separate the detection chamber from the electrolysis chambers, enable the measurement of solution resistance free of the interference of electrolysis by-products. Two resin beds in the detection chamber serve as ion conductors while reduce the dead volume of the detector. Recycled detection effluent supplies water for the electrolysis reactions at the current electrodes to sustain constant current in solution. The porous detection probes provide microchannel for the flowing solution while indicating signals. Owing to the constant current excitation, the electronics setup becomes simple. The cell configuration, operating principle, electronics, and error analysis of this detection mode are discussed along with their use for suppressed anion chromatography. Experimental data show that this four-electrode direct current detection mode is comparable to conventional two-electrode alternating current method.