Physicochemical Properties of Bread Partially Substituted with Unripe Green Banana (Cavendish spp.) Flour

This study aimed to utilize unripe green bananas obtained from those that were graded as unacceptable for export. Bread was selected as the product model for the application of banana flour. As carbohydrates and other functional active compounds make up the main composition of green bananas, unripe banana flour (UBF) was prepared and characterized. The chemical composition, physico-chemical properties, and functional properties of UBF, as well as its application in bread for wheat flour (WF) substitution at different levels, were investigated. Quality attributes of the bread were determined. High carbohydrate (89%), total dietary fiber (7%), ash (2%), potassium content and radical scavenging activity were found in UBF bread, while protein (15%) and fat contents (0.9%) were higher in WF bread (p < 0.05). Starch granules of different sizes and shapes (round, long and oblong) were observed in the starch from UBF bread. Solubility, swelling power, and the water absorption capacity of WF bread were greater than UBF bread (p < 0.05). The gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) was 0.69 and 5.00 J/g for WF and UBF, respectively. The rapid viscoanalyzer (RVA) pasting profile showed that UBF bread had a higher pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown, and final viscosity than WF bread (p < 0.05). Increasing the level of UBF caused an increase in bread hardness and a decrease in loaf volume (p < 0.05). We show that UBF can be considered a value-added product with health-promoting properties. The utilization of UBF as a functional food ingredient will benefit the consumer.     

Non-Chemical Treatments for the Pre- and Post-Harvest Elicitation of Defense Mechanisms in the Fungi–Avocado Pathosystem

The greatest challenge for the avocado (Persea americana Miller) industry is to maintain the quality of the fruit to meet consumer requirements. Anthracnose is considered the most important disease in this industry, and it is caused by different species of the genus Colletotrichum, although other pathogens can be equally important. The defense mechanisms that fruit naturally uses can be triggered in response to the attack of pathogenic microorganisms and also by the application of exogenous elicitors in the form of GRAS compounds. The elicitors are recognized by receptors called PRRs, which are proteins located on the avocado fruit cell surface that have high affinity and specificity for PAMPs, MAMPs, and DAMPs. The activation of defense-signaling pathways depends on ethylene, salicylic, and jasmonic acids, and it occurs hours or days after PTI activation. These defense mechanisms aim to drive the pathogen to death. The application of essential oils, antagonists, volatile compounds, chitosan and silicon has been documented in vitro and on avocado fruit, showing some of them to have elicitor and fungicidal effects that are reflected in the postharvest quality of the fruit and a lower incidence of diseases. The main focus of these studies has been on anthracnose diseases. This review presents the most relevant advances in the use of natural compounds with antifungal and elicitor effects in plant tissues.     

The Antifungal Action Mode of N-Phenacyldibromobenzimidazoles

Our study aimed to characterise the action mode of N-phenacyldibromobenzimidazoles against C. albicans and C. neoformans. Firstly, we selected the non-cytotoxic most active benzimidazoles based on the structure–activity relationships showing that the group of 5,6-dibromobenzimidazole derivatives are less active against C. albicans vs. 4,6-dibromobenzimidazole analogues (5e–f and 5h). The substitution of chlorine atoms to the benzene ring of the N-phenacyl substituent extended the anti-C. albicans action (5e with 2,4-Cl₂ or 5f with 3,4-Cl₂). The excellent results for N-phenacyldibromobenzimidazole 5h against the C. albicans reference and clinical isolate showed IC₅₀ = 8 µg/mL and %I = 100 ± 3, respectively. Compound 5h was fungicidal against the C. neoformans isolate. Compound 5h at 160–4 µg/mL caused irreversible damage of the fungal cell membrane and accidental cell death (ACD). We reported on chitinolytic activity of 5h, in accordance with the patterns observed for the following substrates: 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-N,N′,N″-triacetylchitothiose. Derivative 5h at 16 µg/mL: (1) it affected cell wall by inducing β-d-glucanase, (2) it caused morphological distortions and (3) osmotic instability in the C. albicans biofilm-treated. Compound 5h exerted Candida-dependent inhibition of virulence factors.     

坚强芽孢杆菌B-305对3种病原真菌抗生现象的研究

从土壤中分离纯化出一株拮抗作用强而稳定的坚强芽孢杆菌(B-305),经对扣试验证明,其挥发性代谢产物对立枯丝核菌、腐皮镰孢菌、腐霉菌的抑制率分别为8.43%、9.89%、5.59%;其发酵液中存在抑制立枯丝核菌、腐皮镰孢菌、腐霉菌3种病原真菌生长的非挥发性物质,在第3天或第2天(镰孢菌)的发酵滤液表现出较强的抗菌活性,上述3种病原在含有这些发酵液的培养基中培养64 h后,其抑制率分别为64.04%、29.58%、99.99%;扫描电镜观察表明:B-305菌株的非挥发性代谢产物抑制了立枯丝核菌的生长,其中菌丝端部和中部明显膨胀,呈椭球状和球状,部分菌丝有断裂现象,许多菌丝皱缩干瘪发生折叠,内含物外泄.     

美人蕉与花叶美人蕉光合特性比较研究

在广西大学校园内,对美人蕉(C anna ind ica L.)和花叶美人蕉(C anna g lauca L.)的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率等生理特性进行测定和对比分析。结果表明:2种植物的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均为“双峰型”曲线,1天中的最高峰出现在10:00左右,16:00左右出现第2个较小的峰。美人蕉的各项生理指标均高于花叶美人蕉,其中叶绿素含量和日平均净光合速率分别是花叶美人蕉的2.67倍和1.78倍,而且,美人蕉具有较高的水分利用效率。两者的蒸腾速率日平均值差异不大。     

利用原子吸收光谱法分析盐胁迫对野生披碱草矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

应用原子吸收光谱法测定了两份耐盐性不同的野生披碱草种质材料在不同盐浓度胁迫条件下根组织和叶组织中的大量元素(Na,K,Ca,Mg)和微量元素(Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn)含量,并对野生披碱草种质材料矿质元素吸收和积累的选择性与耐盐性的关系进行了分析,结果表明：随着盐胁迫浓度的升高,野生披碱草种质材料叶和根组织中Na含量不断增加,耐盐材料HS叶组织中的Na含量显著低于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);而K和Ca含量呈下降的趋势,在高浓度盐胁迫下,耐盐材料HS中两种元素的含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05);微量元素Fe和Zn在野生披碱草材料根、叶组织中的含量升高,Cu在根组织中的含量没有变化,但是在叶组织中升高,而Mn在根、叶组织中的含量都呈下降的趋势,耐盐材料HS叶组织和根组织中Zn和Fe含量低于敏盐材料LS,Mn含量显著高于敏盐材料LS(P<0.05)。     

二元分类法在皱皮木瓜品种分类中的应用

皱皮木瓜是木瓜属植物中品种资源最为丰富,经济价值最高的种群.然而目前国内外对木瓜属植物"种"以下资源没有系统的分类、一致的定名;致使木瓜栽培生产中品种名称混杂.该文在多年调查研究基础上,采用"二元分类法"对皱皮木瓜资源进行系统分类,形成了1系、2类、6群、15型(含23个品种)的"2元4级分类系统".     

海鱼中李斯特氏菌和单核细胞增生李氏菌的检测

检测了来自4个商场的20种海鱼,共120个样品,按3管MPN计数法每100 g鱼肉中李斯特氏菌和单核细胞增生李氏菌的平均值分别为396.72和214.78,平均出现率各为80.8%和43.3%,其中4月份的李斯特氏菌和单核细胞增生李氏菌数量远高于其它月份;按季节分,则各数值从大到小依次是春季、秋季、夏季和冬季;检测次数在3次以上的不同种类海鱼中都有李斯特氏菌和单核细胞增生李氏菌的检出,其数量和出现率与海鱼的种类密切相关,其中海鲶中的感染最严重;各个商场的海鱼都有李斯特氏菌和单核细胞增生李氏菌的检出;所分离的单核细胞增生李氏菌的血清型以1型和4型为主。     

紫菜腐霉侵染条斑紫菜叶状体过程研究

对我国北方沿海条斑紫菜栽培海区发生的条斑紫菜赤腐病进行了研究.揭示了病原菌紫菜腐霉(Pythium porphyrae)侵袭条斑紫菜叶状体的过程.紫菜腐霉的丝状菌丝侵袭并穿透紫菜细胞,导致细胞色素溶出,细胞萎缩,最后死亡.紫菜腐霉发育到一定阶段,在菌丝末端形成孢子囊,孢子囊成熟后,形成排放管,放出游孢子,游孢子可以再次侵袭紫菜细胞.在一定条件下,紫菜腐霉可以进行有性生殖,通过藏精器与藏卵器结合,形成卵孢子,卵孢子沉入海底,在条件适宜时可再次萌发.冷藏网上细胞同样可以被病原菌所感染,然而使用冷藏网可以阻止病害的蔓延,并能提高紫菜品质.     

基因枪法转化香蕉薄片外植体的参数优化

采用果用香蕉（Ｍｕｓａ ｓｐｐ．）的薄片外植体作为转化受体,通过对ＧＵＳ基因瞬间表达的研究,找出了较适合的轰击条件和外植体培养条件,研究表明,高渗处理对转化的影响较大,轰击前后对体外植体进行高渗处理的瞬间表达率（１４．１１％）是对照（３．６８％）的３．８６倍。预防培养外植体转化的瞬间表达率（１７．５％－４２．１１％）普遍高于没有预培养的外植体（１２．２０％）,并以预培养６ｄ为好。最适压力和射程分别