Production of cellulolytic enzymes by coculturing ofAspergillus ellipticus andAspergillus fumigatus grown on bagasse under solid state fermentation

Production of cellulolytic enzymes on bagasse under solid state fermentation by coculture ofAspergillus ellipticus andAspergillus fumigatus was studied. Cocultivation ofA. ellipticus andA. fumigatus showed improved hydrolytic and Β-glucosidase activities as compared to the occasions when they were used separately. Various pretreatment methods were used to make cellulose accessible to enzymatic attack. Best results were obtained through pretreatment with 2% (w/v) calcium hydroxide. Maximum enzyme production was obtained after 8 d of fermentation process.     

三种斑潜蝇的酯酶同工酶比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳法分析了美洲斑潜蝇 L iriomyza sativae、南美斑潜蝇 L iriomyzahuidobrensis和番茄斑潜蝇 L iriomyza bryoniae的酯酶同工酶的变化 ,结果表明这 3种斑潜蝇的酶谱均有区别。美洲斑潜蝇有 5条带 ,南美斑潜蝇有 3条带 ,番茄斑潜蝇有 6条带     

生态营林桉树人工林林木生长动态分析

为阐明轮伐期内不同类型桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工混交林的生长动态特征及变化规律,选择于2012年在中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心青山实验场采用生态营林制度营造的桉树×降香黄檀混交林(Eucalyptus×Dalbergia odorifera,MED)、桉树×望天树混交林(Eucalyptus×Parashorea chinensis,MEP)、桉树×红锥混交林(Eucalyptus×Castanopsis hystrix,MEC)和桉树纯林(PEU)为研究对象,设置固定监测样地,基于桉树第一轮伐期内的3次林分调查(2014、2016、2018年),分析不同混交林桉树和珍贵树种的胸径、树高、单株材积和林分蓄积量动态变化特征。结果表明,监测期内,4种林分类型林木胸径、树高、单株材积和林分蓄积量均随林龄显著增加;混交林中降香黄檀、红锥及望天树均可显著促进桉树胸径、树高、单株材积及林分蓄积量的生长,促进作用大小表现为MED>MEC>MEP;不同混交类型中珍贵树种的胸径、树高、单株材积及林分蓄积量均表现为MEC>MEP>MED,林分总蓄积量表现为ME...     

Synthesis,Biological Evaluation,and Structure–Activity Relationships of 4-Aminopiperidines as Novel Antifungal Agents Targeting Ergosterol Biosynthesis

The aliphatic heterocycles piperidine and morpholine are core structures of well-known antifungals such as fenpropidin and fenpropimorph, commonly used as agrofungicides, and the related morpholine amorolfine is approved for the treatment of dermal mycoses in humans. Inspired by these lead structures, we describe here the synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-aminopiperidines as a novel chemotype of antifungals with remarkable antifungal activity. A library of more than 30 4-aminopiperidines was synthesized, starting from N-substituted 4-piperidone derivatives by reductive amination with appropriate amines using sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Antifungal activity was determined on the model strain Yarrowia lipolytica, and some compounds showed interesting growth-inhibiting activity. These compounds were tested on 20 clinically relevant fungal isolates (Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Mucormycetes) by standardized microbroth dilution assays. Two of the six compounds, 1-benzyl-N-dodecylpiperidin-4-amine and N-dodecyl-1-phenethylpiperidin-4-amine, were identified as promising candidates for further development based on their in vitro antifungal activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Antifungal activity was determined for 18 Aspergillus spp. and 19 Candida spp., and their impact on ergosterol and cholesterol biosynthesis was determined. Toxicity was determined on HL-60, HUVEC, and MCF10A cells, and in the alternative in vivo model Galleria mellonella. Analysis of sterol patterns after incubation gave valuable insights into the putative molecular mechanism of action, indicating inhibition of the enzymes sterol C14-reductase and sterol C8-isomerase in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis.     

Bioactivity and Mycochemical Profile of Extracts from Mycelial Cultures of Ganoderma spp.

Fungal mycelium cultures are an alternative to natural sources in order to obtain valuable research materials. They also enable constant control and adaptation of the process, thereby leading to increased biomass growth and accumulation of bioactive metabolites. The present study aims to assess the biosynthetic potential of mycelial cultures of six Ganoderma species: G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. lucidum, G. pfeifferi, and G. resinaceum. The presence of phenolic acids, amino acids, indole compounds, sterols, and kojic acid in biomass extracts was determined by HPLC. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts and their effects on the inhibition of selected enzymes (tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase) were also evaluated. The total content of phenolic acids in the extracts ranged from 5.8 (G. carnosum) to 114.07 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) (G. pfeifferi). The total content of indole compounds in the extracts ranged from 3.03 (G. carnosum) to 11.56 mg/100 g d.w. (G. lucidum) and that of ergosterol ranged from 28.15 (G. applanatum) to 74.78 mg/100 g d.w. (G. adspersum). Kojic acid was found in the extracts of G. applanatum and G. lucidum. The tested extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. The results suggest that the analyzed mycelial cultures are promising candidates for the development of new dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations.     

武昌郊区蔬菜害虫(鳞翅目)寄生六索线虫Hexamermis spp.的种类及分布

据初步调查,武昌郊区被六索线虫Hexamermis spp.寄生的蔬菜害虫有:小地老彪Agrotis ypsilon、菜粉蝶Pieris rapae、甜菜夜蛾Laphygma exigua、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia Litura和烟夜蛾Heliotkis assulta;前四种的寄生率分别为41.4%,34.0%,10.8%,5.7%;经鉴定,六索线虫共有5种,即:白色六索线虫中华亚种H.albicans sinensis、菜粉蝶六索线虫H.pieris、地老虎六索线虫H.agrotis、太湖六索线虫H.taihuensis,另一种种名待定Hexamermis sp.,前者为优势种,依次两种为常见种,后者为稀见种,六索线虫与害虫幼虫间无寄生专一性,可交叉感染。     

冷季型草坪上致病腐霉菌的研究

1997年和1998年的4～6月间,从浙江东北部沿海的11个县、市、区的冷季型草坪病苗上,共分离鉴定Pythium irregulare,P.mamillatum,P.aphanidermatum,P.ultimum,P.deliense和P.graminicola等6种腐霉菌。接种试验表明,这6种腐霉菌都能引起高羊茅猎狗5号幼苗的猝倒病,并导致幼苗生长不良,其中P.deliense对猎狗6号幼苗的致病性最强。     

Pseudomonas brassicacearum的数量分布差异及生物防治小麦全蚀病和油菜根腐病

通过3种PCR技术测定基因特征和测定3种生化特征,对来自南澳洲两块对比小麦田土壤中的Pseudomonas brassicacearum种群的菌株进行了分析研究.结果显示,两种不同土壤和两种不同根部区域(根表和根际),该种群具有高度多样性,其基因型和基因组也具有显著差异(P<0.05).所分离到的菌株中,四分之三具有独特的基因组,90%以上的基因组是其原种群所独具有的.所有菌株的基因组的平均同源性比较低(22%),聚类分析不能证明来自不同小麦田和不同根部区域的菌株具有亲缘性.聚类分析显示,种群内的基因流动是受到限制的,菌株基因组的差异是由于基因的随机漂流引起的,由根表得到的基因型是与所采集的对比土壤相关联的.有三分之一的菌株检测到了2,4-二乙酰基均苯三酚(PhlD)生物合成基因,这些菌株形成了一相关联的组群(同源性为60%).4株产生PhlD的菌株(两种野生型,表型不同)对小麦全蚀病和腐霉引起的油菜根腐病具有显著的防治效果,展现出了对这类病原菌引起的根部病害的防治潜能.     

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemerals growing under and beyond the canopies of Tamarisk shrubs

The arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungal status of the four most common ephemeral plant species, Chorispora tenella （Pall.） DC., Ceratocephalus testiculatus （Crantz） Bess., Eremopyrum orientale （L.） Jaub et. Spash and Veronica campyIopoda Boiss growing in an area dominated by Tamarisk shrubs （Tamarix spp.） was investigated. Samples of the four ephemerals and their rhizosphere soils were collected from underneath and beyond the canopies of the Tamarisk shrubs. Plant mycorrhizal status and soil AM fungal spore densities and community structures were analyzed and compared under and beyond the shrub canopies. The mycorrhizal colonization rates of the ephemerals and spore densities in their corresponding rhizosphere soils were significantly lower under the shrub canopies than beyond. The number of AM fungal species under the shrubs （12） was also lower than beyond the canopies （19）. When soil properties in the rhizospheres of the four ephemerals were examined, available N and P and total P, organic matter content, total salt content and electrical conductivity （EC） were all higher under the canopies than beyond. In contrast, soil available K and pH showed no such trend. A total of 21 AM fungal species were isolated from rhizosphere soils of the four ephemerals. Five belonged to Acaulospora, one to Archaeospora, thirteen to Glomus and two to Paraglomus. We conclude that the canopies of Tamarix spp. exerted some influence on the AM status of the ephemerals and on the AM fungal communities and some of the properties of their rhizosphere soils.     

腐霉与真菌

系根据作者2000年7月应韩国农业振兴厅国家农业科学技术研究院的邀请,在韩国讲学时的一篇手篇整理而成,全文共3部分：第1部分简述20世纪下半叶菌物学的三大成就,第2部分讨论卵菌的特征及其有争议的分类地位,第3部分阐述腐霉属的生物学特性和经济重要性。