黄瓜枯萎病菌内生拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

采用平板对峙法从黄瓜体内筛选对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有拮抗作用的细菌.结果表明,黄瓜体内的细菌数量为2.9-25.6×103cfu· (g·FW)-1,其中,植株不同器官的内生细菌数量不同,以叶中的细菌数量最多,其次为花,最少的为果实;从所分离的细菌菌株中筛选到20株对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有不同程度拮抗作用的菌株;选择拮抗效果较好的10株菌株,用革兰氏染色、鞭毛染色、芽孢染色和生理生化测定等进行鉴定,发现其均为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.).     

In Vitro Anti-Candida Activity and Action Mode of Benzoxazole Derivatives

A newly synthetized series of N-phenacyl derivatives of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole, including analogues of 5-bromo- and 5,7-dibromobenzoxazole, were screened against Candida strains and the action mechanism was evaluated. 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone (5d), 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(2,3,4-trichloro-phenyl)ethanone (5i), 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)ethanone (5k) and 2-[(5-bromo-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]-1-phenylethanone (6a) showed anti-C. albicans SC5314 activity, where 5d displayed MIC_T = 16 µg/mL (%R = 100) and a weak anti-proliferative activity against the clinical strains: C. albicans resistant to azoles (Itr and Flu) and C. glabrata. Derivatives 5k and 6a displayed MIC_P = 16 µg/mL and %R = 64.2 ± 10.6, %R = 88.0 ± 9.7, respectively, against the C. albicans isolate. Derivative 5i was the most active against C. glabrata (%R = 53.0 ± 3.5 at 16 µg/mL). Benzoxazoles displayed no MIC against C. glabrata. Benzoxazoles showed a pleiotropic action mode: (1) the total sterols content was perturbed; (2) 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanol and 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(2,3,4-trichlorophenyl)ethanol (8h–i) at the lowest fungistatic conc. inhibited the efflux of the Rho123 tracker during the membrane transport process; (3) mitochondrial respiration was affected/inhibited by the benzoxazoles: 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol and 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol 8c–d and 8i. Benzoxazoles showed comparable activity to commercially available azoles due to (1) the interaction with exogenous ergosterol, (2) endogenous ergosterol synthesis blocking as well as (3) membrane permeabilizing properties typical of AmB. Benzoxazoles display a broad spectrum of anti-Candida activity and action mode towards the membrane without cross-resistance with AmB; furthermore, they are safe to mammals.     

油茶基因组微卫星特征分析

对油茶基因组约10%覆盖度的DNA序列进行微卫星查找,共获得11 344个重复单元长度为1～6碱基的微卫星。在此基础上,通过对这些微卫星序列分析发现:在油茶基因组中长度为二核苷酸的微卫星重复单元最为丰富,占27.1%;在单碱基重复和二碱基重复这两种类型中,最主要的优势重复单元分别是A/T以及AT/TA、AG/TC。三碱基、四碱基、五碱基重复类型中,(AAN)n、(AAAN)n和(AAAAN)n为对应的优势重复单元,这些优势重复单元中富含碱基A和T。油茶基因组中变异程度高的微卫星(长度≥20 bp)约占11.7%。分析还发现,除单核苷酸重复微卫星外,油茶基因组微卫星长度的变异速率与重复单元长度呈负相关,即油茶基因组中长度较短的微卫星变异速率较快,而较长的重复单元变异速度较慢,相对较为稳定。     

林木虫害大数据的网络科学分析方法

择取国家森防总站2009—2013年辽宁省林木虫害大数据,根据林木虫害时空复杂性,提出一种基于时空影响域的虫害关系网络构造方法.以昆虫生活习性确定时间影响范围,以虫害危害等级确定空间影响范围,并将松毛虫作为研究对象.结果表明,松毛虫虫害关系网络为无标度网络,服从幂律分布;松毛虫传播扩散快;虫害易聚集发生;网络拓扑具有鲁棒性.该建网方法能够反映真实世界,是解读林木虫害大数据的有效方法.期待通过本文对松毛虫虫害关系网络的复杂网络理论分析,能对实际林木虫害防治工作中防治策略的制定及防控力度的估计提供理论指导.     

甲苯咪唑对鱼的急性毒性试验及驱虫效果研究

甲苯咪唑浓度为0 4×10-6和0 8×10-6时,5种试验鱼(日本鳗Anguillajaponicus、欧洲鳗Anguillaan guilla、翘嘴鳜Sinipercachuatsi、红剑XiphophorushelleriHeckel和建鲤Cyprinuscarpiovar.Jian)是安全的;浓度为2×10-6时,前3种试验鱼全部存活,而红剑和建鲤的死亡率为6%和4%.用浓度为0 2×10-6、0 4×10-6和0 8×10-6的甲苯咪唑药浴患伪指环虫病(感染率为92%)的欧洲鳗,用药1次,120h后其阳性检出率分别为54%、10%和0%.说明甲苯咪唑对欧洲鳗伪指环虫病有显著疗效.     

养殖红鳍东方(鱼屯)中华拟德氏吸虫病的危害与流行

福建闽东海水网箱养殖红鳍东方鲀首次暴发流行中华拟德氏吸虫病,通过实地考察和解剖等研究中华拟德氏吸虫病的危害与流行.结果表明:其主要致病因子是成虫和虫卵,成虫寄生于肝门静脉,虫卵主要沉积于肝脏、胆囊、肠道等,引起组织病变如组织炎症、增生肥厚、形成纤维性结节等.虫卵比成虫的危害性更大.中华拟德氏吸虫病存在年循环流行,发生于每年5-9月中旬.6-8月期间感染率逐渐升高,最终达100%.并引起高死亡率,可达76%~83.1%.中华拟德氏吸虫是养殖河的重要病原体之一,严重危害河养殖.     

陕北野生羊肚菌母种分离研究初报

报道了用陕北野生羊肚菌子实体的组织和孢子分离母种的研究过程和结果。     

禾谷炭疽菌磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C生物信息学分析

磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C(PI-PLC)作为植物病原菌G蛋白信号转导过程中的重要调节因子,在对植物侵染、定殖、扩展等致病过程中发挥着重要作用。禾谷炭疽菌侵染玉米、小麦等农作物引起炭疽病,给各国农业生产造成了巨大经济损失。基于酿酒酵母典型PI-PLC序列,利用Blastp以及关键词对禾谷炭疽菌蛋白质数据库进行比对、搜索,以及通过SMART保守结构域分析,明确该菌存在7个典型的PI-PLC;同时,通过对上述氨基酸序列进行细胞信号肽、跨膜结构域以及二级结构等生物信息学分析,明确上述PI-PLC在蛋白质二级结构组成、信号肽等方面均具有一定差异,除Cg PLC1具有信号肽外,其他均不含有;7个PI-PLC中4个定位在细胞质中,其他则定位在细胞核、高尔基体上。此外,通过对禾谷炭疽菌中的7个PI-PLC与其他物种中的30个同源序列进行遗传关系比较分析,发现禾谷炭疽菌中的PI-PLC与C.higginsianum、C.fioriniae等炭疽菌属中的病菌具有较高的同源序列,较近的亲缘关系。该研究为深入开展禾谷炭疽菌PI-PLC定位、功能研究打下坚实的理论基础,同时,也为进一步开展其他炭疽菌的研究提供重要的理论指导。     

Biocatalytic racemization of α-hydroxycarboxylic acids using a stereo-complementary pair of α-hydroxycarboxylic acid dehydrogenases

Biocatalytic racemization of aliphatic, (aryl)aliphatic and aromatic α-hydroxycarboxylic acids was achieved via a reversible oxidation-reduction sequence using a pair of stereo-complementary Prelog- and anti-Prelog d- and l-α-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus confusus DSM 20196 and Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 20008, resp., overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The mild reaction conditions ensured essential ‘clean’ isomerization, undesired ‘over-oxidation’ of the substrate forming the α-ketoacid could be suppressed by exclusion of O₂ and adjustment of the NAD⁺/NADH-ratio.     

Analysis of components of conserved “backbone sequences” among genomes of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shigella</Emphasis> spp. strains

Difference in the genomic compositions of prokaryotes is the basis of the diversity in their biological characters. However, besides their flora- or strain-specific genes, those floras with closer relationship in the evolution also have conserved “backbone sequences”, which reveal the marks of their origin and evolution, and these “backbone sequences” are just the basis of their elementary living abilities and common biological properties. Shigella is very closely related to E. coli in the origin and evolution, and may turn out to belong to the same genus. In this study, a microarray containing E. coli K-12 whole genome and SG01 specific ORFs is used to investigate the genomic components of four Shigella strains. The results indicate that 16%–22% K-12 ORFs sequences are not detected in the genome of Shigella strains while the genome of Shigella contains at least 2800 conserved ORFs, which compose the common “backbone sequences”. Advanced analysis indicated that the “backbone sequences” are the essential components in maintaining the normal physiological activities of intestinal bacteria. Furthermore, only 20% SGO1-specific ORFs exist in other strains simultaneously, which demonstrate the great genome heterogeneity and the genetic diversity among the strains. the first two authours made equal contribution to this work.