Direct numerical simulation of particle transport by hairpin vortices in a laminar boundary layer

The transport of solid particles by coherent wall structures is studied here. This phenomenon is present in numerous environmental and engineering flows. The flow above a wall-mounted hemisphere is used for generating hairpin vortices in a laminar boundary layer in a controlled way. By means of direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the fluid flow and simultaneous Lagrangian tracking of particles, the influence of hairpin vortices on solid particles released in the wake of the obstacle is analyzed.     

Crystalline phase of Y_2O_3 :Eu particles generated in a substrate-free flame process

In this study, factors affecting the crystal structure of flame-synthesized Y 2 O 3 :Eu particles were inves- tigated, especially the particle size effect and its interaction with Eu doping concentration. Polydisperse Y 2 O 3 :Eu (size range 200 nm to 3 m) powder samples with Eu doping concentrations from 2.5 mol% to 25 mol% were generated in either H 2 /air or H 2 /O 2 substrate-free flames. The crystal structure of the powder samples was determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), which was complemented...     

Submicrometre particle size distribution from 0.1–0.45 μm in the urban plume of the city of Valladolid

Summary Particle size distribution in the urban plume of the city of Valladolid was measured with a laser spectrometer during a one-month sampling campaign carried out over the winter period. Experimental results of the number of particles covering the 0.10–0.12, 0.12–0.15, 0.15–0.20, 0.20–0.25, 0.25–0.35 and 0.35–0.45 μm ranges are presented. Using spectral analysis as a statistical technique, two 12 h and 24 h significant peaks are obtained for each size range. In order to interpret the meaning of both peaks, the hourly particle size, traffic and nitrogen oxide patterns are compared. The contribution of domestic heating, traffic exhaust emissions and the strong influence of the gas-to-particle conversion processes mainly within the 0.10–0.15 μm range, may be inferred.     

Effect of HCl on the PPO assisted sol-gel synthesis of olivine-type Co2SiO4 ultrafine particles

Olivine-type Co₂SiO₄ ultrafine particles were synthesized by a sol-gel method using propylene oxide as a gelation agent. Owing to the high homogeneity of the intermediate gel precursor, the usage of this epoxide method results in a substantial reduction of calcination temperature and time as compared with the solid-state route, and a great reduction of calcination time as compared with other wet-chemistry routes. This high homogeneity is obtained by the usage of an appropriate amount of HCl, as a catalyst that matches the rate of hydrolysis of TEOS and the metal ions, allowing the formation of Si–O–Co bonds.     

Fabrication of convex-shaped polybenzylsilsesquioxane micropatterns by the electrophoretic sol–gel deposition process using indium tin oxide substrates with a hydrophobic-hydrophilic-patterned surface

Polybenzylsilsesquioxane (BnSiO_3/2) particles become a supercooled liquid through a heat treatment above the glass transition temperature (T _g) of the particles. Micropatterns of BnSiO_3/2 thick films with high transparency were obtained by the electrophoretic deposition of the BnSiO_3/2 particles on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated substrates with a hydrophobic-hydrophilic-patterned surface and subsequent heating above T _g of the particles. It was found that the control of electrophoretic deposition conditions, in which the amounts of the particles deposited on the substrates were changed, led to two types of micropatterning processes of the BnSiO_3/2 thick films. In the first process, the particles were selectively deposited on the hydrophilic areas after the electrophoretic deposition. In the second process, the particles were deposited on the whole area of the ITO-coated substrate with hydrophobic-hydrophilic patterns after the electrophoretic deposition. Due to the difference in wettability of BnSiO_3/2 molten liquids between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, the molten liquids on the hydrophobic areas, which were obtained by heating above T _g of the particles, migrated toward the hydrophilic areas. In both the processes, convex-shaped BnSiO_3/2 micropatterns with high transparency were fabricated only on the hydrophilic areas after a heat treatment above T _g of the particles.     

高电位胶体颗粒强相互作用的近似表达式

When surface potential of the particles, ,is high,sinh y can be approximated by ≈ey/2 in the nonlinear Poisson Boltzmann equation.Thus,we present a simple method of calculating the interaction force and energy per unit area between two dissimilar plates with high potentials at constant surface potential.These formulae could be applicable to the case of repulsive case,in which the derivative of y must vanish at an interior point,and a minimum ymin=u always exists.A turning point at ～kh≈2(1)e－y1/2 for the repulsion or attraction between dissimilar planar surfaces.These formulae are divergent at 阧∞,and zero point at kh≈2 .This means that they can only be used at 阧 < 2 and accurate location is at kh ≤ 4. 　　Agreement of the approximation for force,Eq.（13）,is good with the exact numerical values of the interaction of dissimilar plates given by Devereux [6] for high surface potentials.For y1 ≥5 kh ≤ 3.0 the relative errors of Eq.(13) are less than 5％,and for kh ≤ 3.5 relative errors are less than 10％.For the interaction energy,Eq.(15),the applicable range extends to kh =4.0.Beyond this range the error increases rapidly.The higher surface potential is the better the precision of Eq.（13）and Eq.( 15).The condition of the strong interaction has been satisfied.     

湿硫磺颗粒的腐蚀行为及材质选择

实验通过试片悬挂转动的方法来模拟现场水造粒硫磺成型过程,采用失重腐蚀速率、扫描电镜观察,能谱进行表征,研究了温度、位置因素对316L和20#钢在水造粒硫磺颗粒成型过程中的腐蚀规律特征。实验分析结果表明:316L在水造粒硫磺颗粒成型过程中抗腐蚀性能良好,失重腐蚀速率介于0.000 8 mm/a和0.007 0 mm/a之间。材质表面腐蚀产物较少,主要为氧化铁。20#钢在整个过程中腐蚀严重,失重腐蚀速率远远超出了含硫气田腐蚀控制标准0.075 mm/a,试片表面至少形成两层腐蚀产物膜,主要为氧化铁和硫化亚铁,高温和冲刷会加快腐蚀速率。通过模拟实验结果建议在现场硫磺颗粒成型过程中316L材质可长期使用,对使用20#钢的设备管线应尽早更换,并定期进行监测,确保生产装置的安全。     

Ash characteristics in controlled diode laser pyrolysis of chlorinated rubber

This paper describes the effects of 60 W High Power Diode Laser (HPDL) beams on the removal of chlorinated rubber (CR) paint from concrete surfaces and the ash particles generated from this process. The physical characteristics, including shape and size distribution of the removed and collected airborne CR particles, down to a size of around 1 μm in diameter, were determined using optical microscopy and image analysis. The shape of the particles observed was highly irregular, displaying no symmetry. The size distribution of the collected particles was found to range between 1–2000 μm, with the maximum concentration being found between 29 and 60 μm. The chemical characteristics of the CR ash particles were investigated by means of ESEM and EDX techniques. From a comparative analysis, it was found that the concentration of chlorine within the CR material was significantly reduced after HPDL treatment. This, together with DTA/TGA results indicated a combustive degradation of the CR polymer through the interaction with the process gas, oxygen, and the laser irradiation. Also, a strong correlation between laser power and average particle sizes has been found, with higher powers generally producing larger particle sizes. Opposite effects have been found by changing the oxygen flow rate, with higher oxygen flow producing, on average, smaller particles. An interpretation of the combustion process, as well as a brief discussion on operational safety and environmental impact of the products is attempted.     

Ultrasound-assisted electrodeposition and synthesis of alloys and composite materials: A review

The development of electrodeposited materials with improved technological properties has been attracting the attention of researchers and companies from different industrial sectors. Many studies have demonstrated that the electrodeposition and synthesis of alloys and composite materials assisted by ultrasound may promote the de-agglomeration of particles in the electrolytic solution due to microturbulence, microjets, shock waves, and breaking of Van der Waals forces. The sonoelectrochemical technique, in which the ultrasound probe acts as a working electrode, also has been used for the formation of nanostructures in greater quantity, in addition to accelerating the electrolysis process and eliminating the reaction products on the electrode surface. Regarding the morphological aspects, the acoustic cavitation promotes the formation of smooth and uniform surfaces with incorporated particles homogeneously distributed. These changes have a direct impact on the composition and physical properties of the material, such as corrosion resistance, magnetization, wear, and microhardness. Despite the widespread use of acoustic cavitation in the synthesis of nanostructured materials, the discussion of how process variables such as acoustic power, frequency, and type of ultrasound device, as well as their effects still are scarce. In this sense, this review discusses the influence of ultrasound technology on obtaining electrodeposited coatings. The trends and challenges in this research field were reviewed from 2014 to 2019. Moreover, the effects of process variables in electrodeposition and how these ones change the technological properties of these materials were evaluated.     

高速粒子场的全息再现图像的自动分割方法

针对再现图像的处理,通过将图像细分为多个较小区域,在每个小区域同时采用多种阈值计算方法,并引入错误校正机制,获得了能稳定地分割图像的自适应阈值.在此基础上,再用种子生长方法进一步界定粒子的边界,能获得更准确的分割结果,且其过程可以自动完成.该方法已成功用于动态实验图像的处理,获得了很好的结果,静态粒子靶实验表明该方法处理得到的相对误差小于15%.