The impact of an urban dry island on the summer heat wave and sultry weather in Beijing City

This paper studies interdecadal variations of heat waves and sultry weather (HW&SW) in Beijing City by using climatological data gathered from 1940-2000.In general, HW&SW decreased during the 1940s-1970s and increased during the 1970s-1990s.Although variation trends in the number of HW&SW days coincide with air temperature variations, the greatest number of HW&SW days occurred during the 1940s rather than during the much hotter 1990s (which had an average 1.0°C higher air tem-perature than during the 1940s)...     

Magma mixing in upper mantle: Evidence from high Mg~# olivine hosted melt inclusions in MORBs near East Pacific Rise 13°N

Early formed high-Mg# olivine phenocrysts during evolution of MORB magmas usually host melt inclusions, which record im-portant information about the early-stage evolution of magma.Five MORB samples from near East Pacific Rise (EPR) 13°N vary little in K/Ti (0.07?0.12), Tb/Lu (1.72?1.84) and Sm/Nd (0.310?0.332) and have similar REEs patterns, indicating that depleted upper mantle has similar mineral composition.Sixty-five initial melt inclusions derived by correcting olivine fractionation and FeO-Loss show ...     

Lag influences of winter circulation conditions in the tropical western Pacific on South Asian summer monsoon

<正>By means of monthly mean NCEP/NCAR data analyses, this note investigates the lag influences of winter circulation conditions in the tropical western Pacific on South Asian summer monsoon through the methods of composite, correlation and statistical confident test. The results indicate clearly that winter climate variations in the equatorial western Pacific would produce significant influences on the following South Asian summer monsoon, and with the lapse of time the lag influences show clearly moving northward and extending westward features. When winter positive (negative) sea level pressure anomalies occupy the equatorial western Pacific, there is an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation anomaly appearing in the northwestern Pacific. With the lapse of time, the anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation anomaly gradually moves to northeast, and its axis in the west-east directions also stretches, therefore, easterly (westerly) anomalies in the south part of the anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation anomaly continuously expand westward to the peninsula of India. Undoubtedly, the South Asian summer monsoon is weak (strong).     

大气对海温构型及转换过程的响应——副高进退及异常机理讨论

用动力学分析和数值计算的方法讨论了大气对热带太平洋几咎典型海温分布构型及其转换过程的热力强迫响应。结果表明：持续的海温热力强迫可以很快地激发出稳定的大气平稳态响应,Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ（Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ）期间的大气位势应分别利于夏季西太平洋副高增强（减弱）和位置偏北（偏南）。不同构型的海温转换及转换过程的快慢直接影响大气位势的响应形式,转换过程的异常可能将导致导致夏季西太平洋副高活动异常。     

北太平洋中纬度地区海气热输送的季节变化特征

资料分析表明,北太平洋中工地区海气热输送具有明显的季节变化特征,１２月最强,６月最弱,热输送的分布与海流密切有关。暖流区偏强,冷流区偏北。西边界下的两支海流热输送的季节变化比东边界上的两支海流更明显。     

太平洋多金属结核中铂族元素特征及其资源启示

为研究大洋多金属结核中铂族元素（PGEs）的含量及其地球化学特征，对我国大洋第40航次在西北太平洋所获得的23个多金属结核进行PGEs分析测试。结果表明，研究区多金属结核中PGEs总量（∑PGE）为189×10^-9~338×10^-9，平均值为258×10^-9。球粒陨石标准化PGEs配分模式呈现明显的Pt正异常及从Os到Pt逐渐富集、从Pt到Pd逐渐亏损的特征。与其他类型岩石矿物对比发现，多金属结核中∑PGE低于铜镍硫化物，而略高于铬铁矿，铜镍硫化物和铬铁矿等岩石矿物均有各自独特的PGEs配分曲线，表明其对PGEs的富集机制与多金属结核有所不同。PGEs元素间特征对比结果显示，多金属结核具有最大的Pt/Pt^*值，Pt为明显“优势”元素，同时多金属结核中具最小的Pd/Pd^*值，与其他类型岩石矿物相比，其Pd尚不算“劣势”元素。综合已有研究，粗略估算得到太平洋多金属结核中∑PGE达8.9×10⁴ t，Pt达7.4×10⁴ t，同时根据原生矿Pt的边界品位及本研究结果，推断多金属结核中的PGEs尤其是Pt元素将具有十分重要的潜在经济价值。     

Variation of the NAO and NPO associated with climate jump in the 1960s

The interannual variation of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and its relationship with the climate jump in the Northern Hemisphere in the 1960s, are discussed using the data analyses. It is clearly shown that the amplitudes of the NAO and NPO were all increased obviously in the 1960s and the main period of the oscillations changed from 3–4 years before the 1960s to 8–15 years after the 1960s. Therefore, the climate jump in the 1960s is closely related to the anomalies of the NAO and NPO.     

The Distribution of Arsenic Compounds in the Ocean: Biological Activity in the Surface Zone and Removal Processes in the Deep Zone

The vertical profies of inorganic arsenic [As(III)+As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) were investigated at four sampling stations in the Pacific Ocean and a sampling station in the southern Tasman Sea. In addition, the concentrations of those compounds in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea have been determined. The vertical profiles of inorganic arsenic showed the low concentrations in both the surface and deep/bottom zones. The depleted concentrations in the surface zone varied from 1000 to 1700 ng dm⁻³ and that in the deep/bottom zone varied from 1300 to 2050 ng dm⁻³. The maximum concentrations that varied from 1500 to 2450 ng dm⁻³ were usually observed at a depth of about 2000 m. Both MMAA and DMAA were observed throughout the water column at sampling stations in the north-western and equatorial regions of the Pacific Ocean. At the sampling station in the central northern Pacific gyre, DMAA was the only methylated arsenic compound observed throughout the water column. On the contrary, at the sampling station in the southern Tasman Sea, the only detected methylated arsenic compound throughout the water column was MMAA. Their vertical profiles showed maximum concentrations in the surface water which abruptly dropped with depth from 0 to 200 m. The concentration in the surface water was close to 10 ng dm⁻³ for MMAA and varied from 27 to 185 ng dm⁻³ for DMAA. At depths greater than 100 m, MMAA and DMAA were at comparable concentrations which varied from 0.7 to 14 ng dm⁻³. The low inorganic arsenic concentration in the surface zone was due to biological activity. This activity resulted in the uptake of As(V) and subsequent reduction and methylation to MMAA and DMAA. DMAA was the main predominant arsenic compound resulting from biological activity in surface waters. The low inorganic arsenic concentrations in the deep and bottom zones were likely to be caused by the adsorption of dissolved inorganic arsenic onto sinking particulates rich in iron and manganese oxides.     

北太平洋海气系统主要模态的年代际变化

结合北太平洋各种指数、海表温度和高度场,分析了北太平洋海气系统的突变特征及其与时间尺度分量的联系.研究结果表明:各种指数、海表温度和高度场在20世纪60年代、70年代和90年代末期均存在显著突变;海表温度60年代的突变主要分布于北太平洋北部,70年代的突变主要分布于北太平洋北部、中部和东南部,90年代突变则主要分布于北太平洋东南部和西南部;高度场突变主要分布于北太平洋北部、西北部和东南部,且突变范围从高层向低层递减.各种指数中60年代突变1～8a尺度分量的贡献较大,70年代突变是20～30a尺度分量的贡献较大,90年代的突变则是1～8a尺度和20～30a尺度分量作用相当.在3个突变时期中,海表温度和高度场的空间分布及相关性分析验证了这种联系的可能性.     

北太平洋海浪特征分析

利用最新的欧洲中尺度天气预报中心(ECMWF)提供的1979—2014年逐6 h的ERA-Interim有效波高和风速数据,分析近36a北太平洋海浪场的变化特征。结果表明:有效波高经验正交函数分解(EOF)的第1模态呈同相位分布,该模态与太平洋10 a涛动指数(PDO)和厄尔尼诺事件(ENSO)呈显著的遥相关,可以通过这些气候因子的变化来预测有效波高的年代际变化;第2模态表明北太平洋西部海域的有效波高有显著的递增趋势,而东部海域则逐渐减小;第3模态以45°N为界,西风带呈现高低纬反相的双涡型分布,并有显著的2.5 a左右年际变化周期。北太平洋海域有效波高和风速重现期极值的大值区位于西风带,重现期越长,日本群岛南部海域风速加强越显著,加强的极值区延伸到中国的东海甚至是菲律宾群岛的东部海岸。