腐败问题的可拓分析

本首先简要介绍了已有的对腐败问题的研究,接着介绍了新兴科学--可拓学,并用其来解释了腐败产生的原因,最后,通过建立“腐败与反腐败”问题的物元分析模型提出了解决腐败问题的若干策略。     

Biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon in soil extracts and leachates from a temperate forest stand and its relationship to ultraviolet absorbance

The amount and biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in forest floors can contribute to carbon sequestration in soils and the release of CO 2-C from soil to the atmosphere.There is only limited knowledge about the biodegradation of DOC in soil extracts and leachates due to the limitations inherent in degradation experiments.Differences in the biodegradation of DOC were studied in forest soil extracts using cold and hot water and 4 mmol/L CaCl 2 solution and in soil leachates sampled under different conditions over a wide range of DOC concentrations.From these results,we developed a simple and rapid method for determining the biodegradable organic C in forest floors.The hot water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts after CH 3 Cl fumigation contained higher concentrations of biodegradable organic C than the cold water extracts and CaCl 2 extracts before fumigation,with rapid DOC degradation occurring 24-48 h after incubation with an inoculum,followed by slow DOC degradation till 120-168 h into the incubation.During a 7-d incubation with an inoculum,the variation in DOC degradation in the different soil extracts was consistent with the change in special UV absorbance at 254 nm.Relatively higher levels of biodegradable organic C were detected in soil leachates from the forest canopy than in forest gaps between April and October 2008 (P <0.05).Relatively lower concentrations of DOC and biodegradable organic C were observed in soil leachates from N-fertilized plots during the growing season compared with the control,with the exception of the plot treated with KNO 3 at a rate of 45 kg N ha 1 a 1.Around 77.4% to 96.3% of the variability in the biodegradable organic C concentrations in the forest floors could be accounted for by the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance at 254 nm.Compared with the conventional inoculum incubation method,the method of analyzing UV absorbance at 254 nm is less time consuming and requires a much smaller sample volume.The results suggest that the regression models obtained using the initial DOC concentration and UV absorbance can provide a rapid,simple and reliable method for determining the biodegradable organic C content,especially in field studies involving relatively large numbers of samples.     

室内空气中总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的污染

随着经济的发展和人们生活品质的提高,室内空气污染逐渐成为人们最为关心的环境问题之一,其中室内空气中总挥发性有机物的污染是室内空气污染中重要组成部分.因此,在参考了国内外大量文献的基础上,对总挥发性有机物的定义、来源、质量标准、测定方法、健康效应以及防治对策进行了较为全面的研究和总结.     

颗粒物质三维直剪实验的数值模拟

为了获取断层物质的受压剪切特性,用离散元法生成5种非规则颗粒单元来模拟自然条件下断层物质的直剪过程,以实验数据为参数,探讨了不同法向应力、摩擦系数、颗粒形状、试样颗粒组构对断层物质的剪应力的影响。结果表明,剪应力随法向应力、摩擦系数、非规则颗粒含量的增加而增大,不同法向应力、颗粒形状、试样组构下孔隙率的变化反映了剪应力的变化。     

Benzothiadiazole-based Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells

Benzothiadiazole(BT) is an electron-deficient unit with fused aromatic core, which can be used to construct conjugated polymers for application in organic solar cells(OSCs). In the past twenty years, huge numbers of conjugated polymers based on BT unit have been developed,focusing on the backbone engineering(such as by using different copolymerized building blocks), side chain engineering(such as by using linear or branch side units), using heteroatoms(such as F, O and S atoms, and CN group), etc. These modifications enable BT-polymers to exhibit distinct absorption spectra(with onset varied from 600 nm to 1000 nm), different frontier energy levels and crystallinities. As a consequence, BT-polymers have gained much attention in recent years, and can be simultaneously used as electron donor and electron acceptor in OSCs, providing the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs) over 18% and 14% in non-fullerene and all-polymer OSCs. In this article, we provide an overview of BTpolymers for OSCs, from donor to acceptor, via selecting some typical BT-polymers in different periods. We hope that the summary in this article can invoke the interest to study the BT-polymers toward high performance OSCs, especially with thick active layers that can be potentially used in large-area devices.     

中微子的理论假设和实验验证

介绍了决定宇宙构成和演化的基本粒子———中微子的理论假设和实验验证,以及测定中微子静止质量的最新方法———中微子振荡.     

Nonvolatile memory devices based on self-assembled nanocrystals

Nonvolatile memory devices are one of the most important components in modern electronic devices. Many efforts have been made to fabricate high-density, low-cost, nonvolatile solid-state memory devices for use in portable/mobile electronic devices such as laptop computers, tablet devices, smart phones, etc. Among the many available nonvolatile memory devices, flash memory devices are of great interest to the electronics industry owing to their simple device structure, enabling high-density memory applications. Flash memory devices in which nanoparticles or nanocrystals are used as the charge-trapping elements have advantages over conventional flash memory devices because the charge-trapping layer and memory performance of the former can be readily optimized. Active research has recently been conducted to fabricate and characterize self-assembled-nanocrystal-based nonvolatile memory devices. We reviewed various strategies for fabricating nanocrystal-based nonvolatile memory devices and discussed the programmable memory properties and the device reliability characteristics of nanocrystal-based memory devices to possibly apply nanocrystal-based memory devices to those used in portable/mobile electronic devices. Finally, novel device applications such as printed/flexible/transparent electronic devices were explored based on nanocrystal-based memory devices.     

湖南锡矿山高锑地下水稳定碳同位素特征及其富锑意义

溶解性有机碳是地下水中Sb富集的关键因素,为探明湖南锡矿山高Sb地下水稳定碳同位素特征,揭示有机质氧化分解过程对地下水中Sb富集的影响,对湖南锡矿山高Sb地下水选用碳稳定同位素分馏和水化学相结合的方式进行分析。结果表明：湖南锡矿山高Sb地下水δ13CDIC值在-17.84‰~-2.30‰之间,δ13CDOC值在-26.87‰~-16.70‰之间。高Sb地下水中Sb与DOC、HCO3-均呈正相关关系,表明微生物作用对高Sb地下水中Sb的富集具有较大的贡献。高Sb地下水溶解性有机碳相对于溶解性无机碳具有更负的δ13C值,DOC主要受内源有机质的影响;随着δ13CDIC-δ13CDOC差值的减小,Sb浓度逐渐升高,表明由于微生物的存在,有机质的氧化分解明显促进了高Sb地下水中Sb的富集。     

小Higgs模型下暗物质直接产生过程研究

暗物质是天文学研究的热点之一,但粒子物理标准模型却不能提供合适的候选者。带有T宇称的小Higgs模型中的重光子满足暗物质的要求,计算了重光子的直接探测过程,其结果可以用来作为区别其他新物理模型的理论依据。     

暗物质模型简介

本文简单介绍了一些关于暗物质的模型研究,首先概述了暗物质的发现和大致的研究框架,并介绍了一些自然的暗物质候选者,如轴子和超对称模型中的Neutralino等,随后我们讨论一些具体模型和由实验诱导的一些模型.