Screening phosphatidylcholine biomarkers in mouse liver extracts from a hypercholesterolemia study using ESI-MS and chemometrics

When fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFD), homozygous LDL receptor knockout mice exhibit extremely high levels of plasma cholesterol that are expected to influence liver metabolism. One step in the investigation of potential hepatic alterations was the analysis of organic extracts of livers from these and control mice by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Chemometrics (bioinformatics) analysis shows that the sample spectra cluster into two groups: one from mice with plasma cholesterol levels in excess of 900 mg dL⁻¹ and one from animals with cholesterol levels of 60–250 mg dL⁻¹. The loadings plot of the first PC in the principal-components analysis (PCA) reveals the chemical basis for clustering, i.e., biomarkers present at different concentrations in the different groups. The exact masses of the key peaks in this loadings plot indicate these species are phosphatidylcholines (PtdChos). This assignment is confirmed by tandem MS. Partial least-squares (PLS) with variable selection shows that the spectra are well correlated with plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels.     

A mouse serum two-dimensional gel map: application to profiling burn injury and infection

With the importance of mouse as a model to study human diseases and the human and rat plasma/serum two-dimensional (2-D) maps being extensively annotated, this study was aimed at constructing a detailed mouse serum 2-D map. Serum proteins from two different inbred strains of mice (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) and mice subjected to two different inflammatory stimuli (20% burn injury and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection) were separated on overlapping gels covering pH 3-8 and stained with SYPRO Ruby dye. The tryptic peptides from the resolved spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry, leading to the identification of 38 different gene products. With the exception of major urinary proteins found in abundance in male C57BL/6J mice, little strain difference of the mouse serum 2-D was observed. Many proteins detected in the mouse serum 2-D map were not reported in human or rat serum 2-D maps including epidermal growth factor receptor. Three major murine acute-phase proteins (APPs), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and serum amyloid P, were highly induced by both inflammatory stimuli. Image analysis shows that the variations of APPs between these two inflammatory models were not uniform although LPS (100 microg/animal) in general was more effective than 20% burn injury in inducing APPs. Serum amyloid A, much more sensitive to endotoxin than burn injury, may represent a sensitive marker to differentiate these two different inflammatory states.     

Direct profiling of myelinated and demyelinated regions in mouse brain by imaging mass spectrometry

One of the newly developed imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) technologies utilizes matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to map proteins in thin tissue sections. In this study, we evaluated the power of MALDI IMS as we developed it in our (Bruker) MALDI TOF (Reflex IV) and TOF-TOF (Ultraflex II) systems to study myelin patterns in the mouse central nervous system under normal and pathological conditions. MALDI IMS was applied to assess myelin basic protein (MBP) isoform-specific profiles in different regions throughout the mouse brain. The distribution of ions of m/z 14,144 and 18,447 displayed a striking resemblance with white matter histology and were identified as MBP isoform 8 and 5, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated a significant reduction of the MBP-8 peak intensity upon MALDI IMS analysis of focal ethidium bromide-induced demyelinated brain areas. Our MS images were validated by immunohistochemistry using MBP antibodies. This study underscores the potential of MALDI IMS to study the contribution of MBP to demyelinating diseases.     

Simultaneous analysis of gemfibrozil,morphine, and its two active metabolites in different mouse brain structures using solid‐phase extraction with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with a deuterated internal standard

A rapid and sensitive bioassay was established and validated to simultaneously determine gemfibrozil, morphine, morphine‐3β‐glucuronide, and morphine‐6β‐glucuronide in mouse cerebrum, epencephalon, and hippocampus based on ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The deuterated internal standard, M6G‐d3, was mixed with the prepared samples at 10 ng/mL as the final concentration. The samples were transferred into the C₁₈ solid‐phase extraction columns with gradient elution for solid‐phase extraction. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and 0.05% formic acid (pH 3.2). Multiple reaction monitoring has been applied to analyze gemfibrozil (m/z 249.0 → 121.0) in anion mode, and M6G‐d3 (m/z 465.1 → 289.1), morphine (m/z 286.0 → 200.9), and M3G and M6G (m/z 462.1 → 286.1) in the positive ion mode. The method has a linear calibration range from 0.05 to 10 ng for gemfibrozil, morphine, and M3G and M6G with correlation coefficients >0.993. The lower limit of quantitation for all four analytes was 0.05 ng/mL, relative standard deviation of intra‐ and interday precision was less than 10.5%, and the relative error of accuracy was from ?8.2 to 8.3% at low, medium, and high concentrations for all the analytes. In conclusion, gemfibrozil can influence the morphine antinociception after coronary heart disease induced chronic angina by the change in one of morphine metabolites', M3G, distribution in mouse brain.     

多基因突变小鼠模型与动脉粥样硬化研究

目前己知人类有近 2 0 0 0 0种疾病 ,其发生与发展都与基因受损有着直接或间接的关系 ,其中相当一部分疾病的发病涉及到两个以上的基因功能异常。动脉粥样硬化 (AS)、肥胖、糖尿病、高血压等多基因疑难疾病是目前严重影响人类健康的重大疾病。在AS的发病过程中 ,血脂代谢异常是其重要原因之一。在载脂蛋白E(apoE)通过与低密度脂蛋白受体 (LDLR)和乳糜微粒受体的特异性结合 ,介导血浆脂蛋白的转运与清除 ,在脂质的代谢中起着非常重要的作用。瘦素受体 (OB R)在体内介导瘦素的信号传导 ,调节能量代谢与平衡与肥胖以及血脂代谢有关。通过…     

结核分枝杆菌对感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞转铁蛋白受体和铁蛋白表达的影响

探讨不同毒力结核分枝杆菌感染对小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞转铁蛋白受体(TfR)和铁蛋白(Fn)表达的影响及其时相性变化。利用制备的卡介苗(以下简称BCG)和结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株(以下简称H37Rv株)悬液,分别经小鼠尾静脉注射,建立各组小鼠感染模型,各组小鼠感染模型建立成功后,分别于第1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15天,进行各组小鼠肺泡灌洗,收集小鼠肺泡灌洗液,获取各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞。应用ELISA方法和Western blot技术检测各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TfR和Fn的表达。利用ELISA方法检测各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TfR的表达结果显示:H37RV组与BCG组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TfR表达均高于空白对照组,在感染第7、9、11天差异最明显,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。利用Western blot技术检测各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TfR表达结果显示:于模型建成后第7、9、11天,H37RN组、BCG组、空白对照组三组之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。用ELISA方法和Western blot技术检测各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞内Fn表达结果显示:于模型建成后第7、9、11天,H37RV组与BCG组的小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞内Fn表达量明显减低,并且于第7天时表达量最第,异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠,导致小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TfR的表达增高,而Fn的表达降低。不同毒力的结核杆菌感染后Fn蛋白表达差异并不明显,而不同毒力的结核杆菌感染后TfR蛋白的表达有差异性。     

Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaf aqueous extract mediated novel green synthesis of iron nanoparticles and its anti-hemolytic anemia potential: A chemobiological study

In this study, the aqueous extract Ziziphora clinopodioides was used to biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles. A green, productive, and environmentally method was developed for the valuable study and the effective preparation of the green-synthesis of iron nanoparticles using aqueous extracts from the leaf of Ziziphora clinopodioides as a result of reducing and stabilizing factor. The simplicity of the synthesis procedures and easy work up are the benefits of the present study. The structural and morphological characterization of green‐synthesized FeNPs was performed by Uv–Vis. and FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. The SEM images have exhibited an equal and uniform spherical morphology in size of 30.04. We also investigated the anti-hemolytic anemia property of FeNPs in an animal model of hemolytic anemia. In vivo assay, induction of hemolytic anemia was done by phenylhydrazine in mice. FeNPs significantly reduced the weight and volume of liver and spleen and the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the body weight, the anti-inflammatory cytokines concentration, and the total platelet, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts, and RBC parameters as compared to the untreated mice. About the biochemical parameters, FeNPs significantly increased GPx, CAT, and SOD in serum, liver, and spleen, and also HDL, total protein, and albumin in serum, and decreased GR in serum, liver, and spleen, and also erythropoietin, ferritin, ferrous, creatinine, urea, LDL, triglyceride, cholesterol, GGT, ALT, AST, and ALP in serum as compared to the anemic mice. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for FeNPs and Butylated hydroxytoluene. FeNPs had low cell viability dose-dependently against HUVEC cell line. It appears that FeNPs can be administrated as a hematoprotective and anti-hemolytic anemia drug or supplement for the treatment of hemolytic anemia in the clinical trial.     

Identification of new regional marker proteins to map mouse brain by 2-D difference gel electrophoresis screening

To screen for new region-specific protein markers we compared the proteome maps of the primary visual and somatosensory areas V1 and S1 in mouse brain using 2-D difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Twenty-three protein spots showed a statistically significant difference in expression level between V1 and S1, with 52% appearing more abundantly in V1. Twenty-six proteins were mass spectrometrically identified in 22 spots. To assess the validity of this list of potential areal markers generated by 2-D DIGE, the effective area-specific distribution profile of creatine kinase brain subtype (CKB), a protein with a clearly higher expression level in S1, was monitored with in situ hybridization. The mRNA expression profile of CKB displayed a clear area-specific distribution, which allowed demarcation of S1 and its topographical borders with neighboring neocortical areas. This proteomic study demonstrates the innovative application of 2-D DIGE and MS to select new regional markers for neuroscience research.     

Comprehensive proteome analysis of mouse liver by ampholyte-free liquid-phase isoelectric focusing

In this study, ampholyte-free liquid-phase IEF (LIEF) was combined with narrow pH range 2-DE and SDS-PAGE RP-HPLC for comprehensive analysis of mouse liver proteome. Because LIEF prefractionation was able to reduce the complexity of the sample and enhance the loading capacity of IEF strips, the number of visible protein spots on subsequent 2-DE gels was significantly increased. A total of 6271 protein spots were detected after integrating five narrow pH range 2-DE gels following LIEF prefractionation into a single virtual 2-DE gel. Furthermore, the pH 3-5 LIEF fraction and the unfractionated sample were separated by pH 3-6 2-DE and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, respectively. In parallel, the pH 3-5 LIEF fraction was also analyzed by SDS-PAGE RP-HPLC MS/MS. LIEF-2-DE and LIEF-HPLC could obviously improve the separation efficiency and the confidence of protein identification, which identified a higher number of low-abundance proteins and proteins with extreme physicochemical characteristics or post-translational modifications compared to conventional 2-DE method. Furthermore, there were 207 proteins newly identified in mouse liver in comparison with previously reported large-scale datasets. It was observed that the combination of LIEF-2-DE and LIEF-HPLC was effective in promoting MS-based liver proteome profiling and could be applied on similar complex tissue samples.     

微量细胞毒法在近交系小鼠遗传检测中的应用

建立微量细胞毒实验检测技术 ,对近交系实验动物免疫遗传特性进行常规检测和质量监测。引进小鼠主要组织相容性复合体 (MHC)国际标准单克隆抗体系列 ,制取近交系小鼠脾细胞 ,加入特异的单克隆抗体 ,通过倒置显微镜观察最终反应结果 ,根据死亡细胞占总细胞的百分比来判定实验结果。死亡细胞超过细胞总数的 6 0 %即为阳性。可依照加入的单克隆抗体基因型来确定近交系小鼠的基因型 ,因此可利用微量细胞毒法识别近交系小鼠H- 2单倍型 ,区别不同的品系。此方法检测速度快、操作简单、结果准确 ,故便于在国内推广使用