Plasticity of metal wires in torsion: Molecular dynamics and dislocation dynamics simulations

The orientation dependent plasticity in metal nanowires is investigated using molecular dynamics and dislocation dynamics simulations. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the orientation of single crystal metal wires controls the mechanisms of plastic deformation. For wires oriented along , dislocations nucleate along the axis of the wire, making the deformation homogeneous. These wires also maintain most of their strength after yield. In contrast, wires oriented along and directions deform through the formation of twist boundaries and tend not to recover when high angle twist boundaries are formed. The stability of the dislocation structures observed in molecular dynamics simulations are investigated using analytical and dislocation dynamics models.     

Analysis of deformation localization based on proposed theory of ultrasonic wave velocity propagating in plastically deformed solids

The localization of plastic deformation is discussed as “stationary discontinuity” characterized by a vanishing velocity of an acceleration wave derived using the author’s proposed theory of ultrasonic wave velocities propagating in plastically deformed solids. To formulate the proposed theory, the elasto-plastic coupling effect was introduced to consider the elastic stiffness degradation due to the plastic deformation. The driving force of the deformation localization is caused by the yield vertex effect, which introduces a pronounced softening of the shear modulus, and geometrical softening due to double slip caused by lattice rotations. In the present paper, it is examined theoretically and experimentally that the diagonal terms of the introduced elasto-plastic coupling tensor represent a slight hardening followed by a pronounced softening of the elastic modulus induced by the point defect development caused by cross slides among dislocations at multiple slip stages similar to the yield vertex effects. The off-diagonal terms represent geometrical softening induced by lattice rotations such as texture evolution. Then, based on the coincidence of the onset strains between localization and acceleration waves of vanishing velocity, the diagrams of diffuse necking, localized necking and forming limit are analyzed by applying the proposed acoustic tensor, which is based on the generalized Christoffel tensor derived by the author, and solving cut off conditions of the quasi-longitudinal wave to determine the onset strains of deformation localization and localization modes. As a result, diagrams of diffuse necking, localized necking and forming limit were obtained. Moreover, the localization modes were determined and distinguished as the SH-mode, SV-mode, tearing mode and splitting mode.     

Thickness dependence of microstructures in La0.9Sr0.1MnO3 thin films grown on exact-cut and miscut SrTiO3 substrates

The thickness dependence of microstructures of La_0.9Sr_0.1MnO₃ (LSMO) thin films grown on exact-cut and miscut SrTiO₃ (STO) substrates, respectively, was investigated by high-angle X-ray diffraction (HXRD), X-ray small-angle reflection (XSAR), X-ray reciprocal space mapping and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results show that the LSMO films are in pseudocubic structure and are highly epitaxial [0 0 1]-oriented growth on the (0 0 1) STO substrates. The crystalline quality of the LSMO film is improved with thickness. The epitaxial relationship between the LSMO films and the STO substrates is [0 0 1]_LSMO[0 0 1]_EXACT-STO, and the LSMO films have a slight mosaic structure along the q_x direction for the samples grown on the exact-cut STO substrates. However, an oriented angle of about 0.24° exists between [0 0 1]_LSMO and [0 0 1]_MISCUT-STO, and the LSMO films have a mosaic structure along the q_z direction for that grown on the miscut STO substrates. The mosaic structure of both groups of the samples tends to reduce with thickness. The diffraction intensity of the (0 0 4) peaks increases with thickness of the LSMO film. The XSAR and AFM observations show that for both groups, the interface is sharp and the surface is rather smooth. The mechanism was discussed briefly.     

Macroscopic yield criteria for plastic anisotropic materials containing spheroidal voids

The combined effects of void shape and matrix anisotropy on the macroscopic response of ductile porous solids is investigated. The Gologanu–Leblond–Devaux’s (GLD) analysis of an rigid-ideal plastic (von Mises) spheroidal volume containing a confocal spheroidal cavity loaded axisymmetrically is extended to the case when the matrix is anisotropic (obeying Hill’s [Hill, R., 1948. A theory of yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic solids. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 193, 281–297] anisotropic yield criterion) and the representative volume element is subjected to arbitrary deformation. To derive the overall anisotropic yield criterion, a limit analysis approach is used. Conditions of homogeneous boundary strain rate are imposed on every ellipsoidal confocal with the cavity. A two-field trial velocity satisfying these boundary conditions are considered. It is shown that for cylindrical and spherical void geometries, the proposed criterion reduces to existing anisotropic Gurson-like yield criteria. Furthermore, it is shown that for the case when the matrix is considered isotropic, the new results provide a rigorous generalization to the GLD model. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed approximate yield criterion for plastic anisotropic media containing non-spherical voids is assessed through comparison with numerical results.     

Analytical modelling of intragranular backstresses due to deformation induced dislocation microstructures

Deformation induced dislocation microstructures appear in Face-Centred Cubic metals and alloys if applying large enough tensile/cyclic strain. These microstructures are composed of a soft phase with a low dislocation density (cell interiors, channels…) and a hard phase with a high dislocation density (walls). It is well known that these dislocation microstructures induce backstresses, which give kinematic hardening at the macroscopic scale. A simple two-phase localization rule is applied for computing these intragranular backstresses. This is based on Eshelby’s inclusion problem and the Berveiller–Zaoui approach. It takes into account an accommodation factor. Close-form formulae are given and permit the straightforward computation of reasonable backstress values even for large plastic strains. Predicted backstress values are compared to a number of backstress experimental measurements on single crystals. The agreement of the model with experiments is encouraging. This physical intragranular kinematic hardening model can easily be implemented in a polycrystalline homogenization code or in a crystalline finite element code. Finally, the model is discussed with respect to the possible plastic glide in walls and the use of enhanced three phase localization models.     

东门渡窑古陶瓷化学成分与烧制工艺研究

芜湖东门渡窑是古代宣州窑场的早期窑口之一,属古越窑系青瓷;该窑口出产的陶瓷产品器型别具一格,具有鲜明的地域特色.但长期以来,对于东门渡窑瓷器仅仅从其外观推测其工艺特征,对该类瓷器的微观结构特征和配方工艺特点缺乏必要的分析证据.为系统解析东门渡窑古陶瓷的胎、釉化学组成和烧制工艺,运用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法(EDXRF)...     

Micromechanical study of elastic moduli of loose granular materials

In micromechanics of the elastic behaviour of granular materials, the macro-scale continuum elastic moduli are expressed in terms of micro-scale parameters, such as coordination number (the average number of contacts per particle) and interparticle contact stiffnesses in normal and tangential directions. It is well-known that mean-field theory gives inaccurate micromechanical predictions of the elastic moduli, especially for loose systems with low coordination number. Improved predictions of the moduli are obtained here for loose two-dimensional, isotropic assemblies. This is achieved by determining approximate displacement and rotation fields from the force and moment equilibrium conditions for small sub-assemblies of various sizes. It is assumed that the outer particles of these sub-assemblies move according to the mean field. From the particle displacement and rotation fields thus obtained, approximate elastic moduli are determined. The resulting predictions are compared with the true moduli, as determined from the discrete element method simulations for low coordination numbers and for various values of the tangential stiffness (at fixed value of the normal stiffness). Using this approach, accurate predictions of the moduli are obtained, especially when larger sub-assemblies are considered. As a step towards an analytical formulation of the present approach, it is investigated whether it is possible to replace the local contact stiffness matrices by a suitable average stiffness matrix. It is found that this generally leads to a deterioration of the accuracy of the predictions. Many micromechanical studies predict that the macroscopic bulk modulus is hardly influenced by the value of the tangential stiffness. It is shown here from the discrete element method simulations of hydrostatic compression that for loose systems, the bulk modulus strongly depends on the stiffness ratio for small stiffness ratios.     

固溶处理对TC16钛合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响

通过金相显微镜和室温拉伸性能测试,研究固溶处理对TC16钛合金棒材显微组织和拉伸性能的影响.结果表明:TC16钛合金低于800℃进行固溶处理,初始组织为初生α相和亚稳态β相,随着固溶温度的升高,亚稳态β相会发生α"马氏体转变,温度达到900℃时,α"马氏体析出晶界完整的β相,出现过烧组织,抗拉强度和屈服强度先降后升,温度对塑性影响不大.该合金固溶处理后,冷镦性能差,不同的冷却速度使钛合金有不同的α和β相比率,冷却速度决定β→α转变反应中间相的形成条件,水淬、空冷、炉冷后的TC16钛合金显微组织和拉伸性能差异较大.     

液态金属铝的热历史对凝固微结构的影响

用分子动力学模拟研究了液态金属Al 系统的热历史对凝固微结构的影响.发现在同一系统中、不同的热历史条件下， 1551 键型和与1551键型相关的二十面体结构(12 0 12 0)在微结构的转变过程中均起着非常重要的作用. 特别有意义的是, 在每个温度的等温运行中能够重复出现的二十面体的数目不随温度的降低而增加, 并有一个极大值.该极大值点正好与其玻璃转变温度Tg相对应, 在不同的热历史条件下极大值的位置是能够移动的.结果还显示出, 热历史条件对微结构转变有严重影响, 且其作用主要是在玻璃转变温度点Tg以后才显示出来. 这就为我们理解和控制凝固过程中的微结构转变提供了一条新途径.