表面修饰的钛酸钡纳米粉体的制备

采用水热法制备出表面包裹有硬脂酸的钛酸钡纳米粉体,并运用一系列手段对其微结构进行了表征.结果表明:产物粒径较小,粒度分布较窄,单分散性较好,其表面为非极性,同时表现出良好的流动性能.认为钛酸钡纳米粉体表面极性的改变是由于其表面包裹了一层硬脂酸,并且包裹层降低了粉体间的相互作用力,从而提高了粉体的流动性.     

Mg-4Sn-1Ce合金的组织及热压缩行为

本文采用光学金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及热压缩实验对Mg-4Sn-1Ce合金的微观组织和热压缩行为进行了研究。结果表明,铸态合金主要由"岛"状的α-Mg、Mg_2Sn、Ce_4Sn_5和MgSnCe相组成。合金在250～450℃和0.001～1s~(-1)应变速率下进行热压缩,热变形激活能Q为162.03 kJ/mol,本构方程为■=1.3×10~(12)·[sinh (0.019σ)]~(5.6)exp[-162030/(RT)]。热压缩温度由250℃升高到450℃,合金显微组织由(扁平状晶粒+挤压流线)组织演变为再结晶等轴晶粒组织。     

电流变抛光液中固相粒子间结合模型研究

电流变抛光液中的固相极化后形成复杂的微观结构并改变其流变性能。通过超景深三维显微系统观察了电流变抛光液在外加电场作用下形成的微观结构。根据粒子介电极化模型和抛光液中固相粒子间的作用力,建立了混有不同粒度磨料颗粒的电流变抛光液中固相粒子的结合模型,分析了颗粒粒度和粒子间作用力等因素对粒子结合模型的影响。     

Al纳米线凝固过程的分子动力学模拟

结合EAM镶嵌原子作用势, 通过经典的分子动力学模拟研究了不同冷却速率下Al纳米线的凝固行为, 并采用键对分析技术探讨了体系中的原子团簇在不同冷却速率下的转化情况. 结果表明, 随着冷却速率的降低, Al纳米线的微观结构从非晶态过渡到多壳螺旋结构, 而多壳螺旋结构具有部分非晶结构的特征, 但是比非晶结构更稳定. 此外, 在冷却速率降低到1×10⁹ K·s-1的情况下, Al纳米线仍然保持多壳螺旋结构.     

Microstructures, surface bonding states and room temperature ferromagnetisms of Zn0.95Co0.05O thin films doped with copper

Zn_0.95−xCo_0.05Cu_xO (ZCCO, where x = 0, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.015) thin films were deposited on Si (1 0 0) substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. Crystal structures, surface morphologies, chemical compositions, bonding states and chemical valences of the corresponding elements for ZCCO films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD and FESEM results indicate that crystallite sizes of the highly (0 0 2)-oriented ZCCO films slightly decrease with increasing Cu content. When the Cu content increases from 0 to 0.015, Zn 2p_3/2, Co 2p, Cu 2p_3/2 and O 1s peaks of the ZCCO film shift towards higher or lower binding energy regions, and the reasons for these chemical shifts are investigated by fitting the corresponding XPS narrow-scan spectra. Both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization-magnetic field hysteresis loops of the ZCCO films reveal that all the films have room temperature ferromagnetisms (RTFMs). The conceivable origin of the RTFM is ascribed to the combined effects of the local structural disorder resulted from (Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cu¹⁺)-cations which substitute Zn²⁺ ions in the ZnO matrices, ferromagnetic coupling between coupled dopant atoms caused by Co²⁺ (3d⁷4s⁰) and Cu²⁺ (3d⁹4s⁰) spin states, and exchange interactions between the unpaired electron spins originating from lattice defects induced by Cu doping in the Zn_0.95Co_0.05O matrices.     

Multiscale modeling of oriented thermoplastic elastomers with lamellar morphology

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are block copolymers made up of “hard” (glassy or crystalline) and “soft” (rubbery) blocks that self-organize into “domain” structures at a length scale of a few tens of nanometers. Under typical processing conditions, TPEs also develop a “polydomain” structure at the micron level that is similar to that of metal polycrystals. Therefore, from a continuum point of view, TPEs may be regarded as materials with heterogeneities at two different length scales. In this work, we propose a constitutive model for highly oriented, near-single-crystal TPEs with lamellar domain morphology. Based on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, we consider such materials to have a granular microstructure where the grains are made up of the same, perfect, lamellar structure (single crystal) with slightly different lamination directions (crystal orientations). Having identified the underlying morphology, the overall finite-deformation response of these materials is determined by means of a two-scale homogenization procedure. Interestingly, the model predictions indicate that the evolution of microstructure—especially the rotation of the layers—has a very significant, but subtle effect on the overall properties of near-single-crystal TPEs. In particular, for certain loading conditions—namely, for those with sufficiently large compressive deformations applied in the direction of the lamellae within the individual grains—the model becomes macroscopically unstable (i.e., it loses strong ellipticity). By keeping track of the evolution of the underlying microstructure, we find that such instabilities can be related to the development of “chevron” patterns.     

Micromechanical analysis of kinematic hardening in natural clay

This paper presents a micromechanical analysis of the macroscopic behaviour of natural clay. A microstructural stress–strain model for clayey material has been developed which considers clay as a collection of clusters. The deformation of a representative volume of the material is generated by mobilizing and compressing all the clusters along their contact planes. Numerical simulations of multistage drained triaxial stress paths on Otaniemi clay have been performed and compared the numerical results to the experimental ones in order to validate the modelling approach. Then, the numerical results obtained at the microscopic level were analysed in order to explain the induced anisotropy observed in the clay behaviour at the macroscopic level. The evolution of the state variables at each contact plane during loading can explain the changes in shape and position in the stress space of the yield surface at the macroscopic level, as well as the rotation of the axes of anisotropy of the material.     

An energy-based anisotropic yield criterion for cellular solids and validation by biaxial FE simulations

The initial yield surface of 2D lattice materials is investigated under biaxial loading using finite element analyses as well as by analytical means. The sensitivity of initial yield surface to the dominant deformation mode is explored by using both low- and high-connectivity topologies whose dominant deformation mode is either local bending or strut stretching, respectively. The effect of microstructural irregularity on the initial yield surface is also examined for both topologies. A pressure-dependent anisotropic yield criterion, which is based on total elastic strain energy density, is proposed for 2D lattice structures, which can be easily extended for application to 3D cellular solids. Proposed criterion uses elastic constants and yield strengths under uniaxial loading, and does not rely on any arbitrary parameter. The analytical framework developed allows the introduction of new scalar measures of characteristic stresses and strains that are capable of representing the elastic response of anisotropic materials with a single elastic master line under multiaxial loading.     

Dielectric elastomer composites: A general closed-form solution in the small-deformation limit

A solution for the overall electromechanical response of two-phase dielectric elastomer composites with (random or periodic) particulate microstructures is derived in the classical limit of small deformations and moderate electric fields. In this limit, the overall electromechanical response is characterized by three effective tensors: a fourth-order tensor describing the elasticity of the material, a second-order tensor describing its permittivity, and a fourth-order tensor describing its electrostrictive response. Closed-form formulas are derived for these effective tensors directly in terms of the corresponding tensors describing the electromechanical response of the underlying matrix and the particles, and the one- and two-point correlation functions describing the microstructure. This is accomplished by specializing a new iterative homogenization theory in finite electroelastostatics (Lopez-Pamies, 2014) to the case of elastic dielectrics with even coupling between the mechanical and electric fields and, subsequently, carrying out the pertinent asymptotic analysis.Additionally, with the aim of gaining physical insight into the proposed solution and shedding light on recently reported experiments, specific results are examined and compared with an available analytical solution and with new full-field simulations for the special case of dielectric elastomers filled with isotropic distributions of spherical particles with various elastic dielectric properties, including stiff high-permittivity particles, liquid-like high-permittivity particles, and vacuous pores.     

One-step synthesis of pure Cu nanowire/carbon nanotube coaxial nanocables with different structures by arc discharge

Pure Cu nanowire/carbon nanotube (Cu@C) coaxial nanocables are one-step fabricated by arc discharge. The microstructure and morphology of the Cu@C nanocables are investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). XRD results reveal that the copper carbide nano-crystals were formed in the nanocables and it plays an important role in the growth of the Cu@C nanocables. As-prepared Cu@C nanocables exhibit three different structures, including well-filled Cu@C nanocables, symmetrically trifurcate Cu@C nanocables, and twice capsulated Cu@C nanocables. The fabrication of Cu@C nanocables with different structures offers more opportunities for the development of nanoelectronic devices. The formation mechanisms of Cu@C nanocables with different structures are discussed as well.