Paul Ehrenfest’s Rough Road to Leiden: A Physicist’s Search for a Position, 1904–1912

Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) received his Ph.D. degree at the University of Vienna in 1904 and moved with his wife and young daughter to St. Petersburg in 1907, where he remained until he succeeded Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928) in the chair of theoretical physics at the University of Leiden in 1912. Drawing upon Ehrenfest’s correspondence of the period, we first examine Ehrenfest’s difficult and insecure years in St. Petersburg and then discuss his unsuccessful attempts to obtain a position elsewhere before he was appointed as Lorentz’s successor in Leiden. Pim Huijnen is writing a doctoral dissertation in history; the present paper is based upon his Master’s Thesis, “‘Die Grenze des Pathologischen’: Het leven van fysicus Paul Ehrenfest, 1904–1912,” University of Groningen, 2003. A.J.Kox is Pieter Zeeman Professor of History of Physics at the University of Amsterdam.     

基于修正的Clough-Penzien地震动模型时MTMD的动力特性

研究了由许多刚度和阻尼保持常量而频率呈线性分布的TMD形成的MTMD的地震特性，基于虚拟激励法和本文提出的平稳过滤有色噪声地震动模型（修正的Clough-Penzien地震动模型），建立了结构－MTMD系统的传递函数，进而导出了设置MTMD时结构的动力放大系数（DMF）明确表达式。MTMD的优化准则可选为最大动力放大系数的最小值的最小化（Min.Min.Max.DMF)。通过最优搜寻可得MTMD的最优频率间隔、平均阻尼比、调谐频率比和相应的无量纲控制有效性指标。考虑结构受控频率与场地土卓越频率比的不同取值和不同场地类型，研究了场地土卓越频率和场地类型对MTMD最优参数及有效性的影响。而且，为比较，基于Clogh-Penzien地震动模型和不考虑地震动模型的结果也被考虑。     

The Constructions of the Max-min Fuzzy Relation Equations That Have a Unique Minimal Solution

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A smoothing-out technique for min—max optimization

In this paper, we suggest approximations for smoothing out the kinks caused by the presence of max or min operators in many non-smooth optimization problems. We concentrate on the continuous-discrete min—max optimization problem. The new approximations replace the original problem in some neighborhoods of the kink points. These neighborhoods can be made arbitrarily small, thus leaving the original objective function unchanged at almost every point ofR ⁿ . Furthermore, the maximal possible difference between the optimal values of the approximate problem and the original one, is determined a priori by fixing the value of a single parameter. The approximations introduced preserve properties such as convexity and continuous differentiability provided that each function composing the original problem has the same properties. This enables the use of efficient gradient techniques in the solution process. Some numerical examples are presented.     

《新教伦理与资本主义精神》的文化学意义

马克斯·韦伯的《新教伦理与资本主义精神》一书具有重要的文化学理论和现实意义，主要体现在四个方面：一是佐证了文化的适应性本质和群体性特征；二是强调了文化的功能与社会历史方位；三是分析了西方文化的现代转型；四是开启了文化模式的比较研究。     

ε-Pareto Optimality Conditions for Convex Multiobjective Programming via Max Function

We consider a nondifferentiable convex multiobjective optimization problem whose feasible set is defined by affine equality constraints, convex inequality constraints, and an abstract convex set constraint. We obtain Fritz John and Kuhn–Tucker necessary and sufficient conditions for ε-Pareto optimality via a max function. We also provide some relations among ε-Pareto solutions for such a problem and approximate solutions for several associated scalar problems.     

EDA技术在数字基带传输码电路设计中的应用

本文介绍了EDA技术概念及其基本特征,并通过以数字基带系统中传输码电路设计为例详细介绍了EDA设计、仿真和实现的全过程。阐明了现代EDA技术在数字系统设计中的重要性和发展的必然性。     

基于DDMF和ADMF的TMD动力特性

为试图利用适用于单自由度结构的TMD最优参数来设计用于多自由度结构振动控制的TMD，研究了TMD动力特性对结构振型参与系数的敏感性.考虑结构的振型参与系数，导出了设置TMD结构的位移和加速度动力放大系数(DDMF和ADMF)的解析表达式.于是TMD的优化准则定义为：结构的位移和加速度最大动力放大系数的最小值的最小化(Min.Min.Max.DDMF和Min.Min.Max.ADMF).根据选择的优化准则，得到了不同结构振型参与系数的TMD最优参数和控制效果，并给予评价.现在，设计者可以容易地设计用于多自由度结构振动控制的TMD.