The sensitivity of radiative transfer calculations to the changes in the HITRAN database from 1982 to 2004

Over the last quarter century, improvements in the determination of the spectroscopic characteristics of the infrared-active trace species have enhanced our ability to retrieve quantitative distributions of temperatures, clouds, and abundances for various trace species within the Earth's atmosphere. These improvements have also allowed for refinements in the estimates of climatic effects attributed to changes in the Earth's atmospheric composition. Modeling efforts, however, have frequently experienced significant delays in assimilating improved spectroscopic information. Such is the case for highly parameterized models, where considerable effort is typically required to incorporate any revisions. Thus, a line-by-line radiative transfer model has been used to investigate the magnitude of the effects resulting from modifications to the spectroscopic information. Calculations from this line-by-line model have demonstrated that recent modifications to the HITRAN (High Resolution Transmission) line parameters, the continuum formulation, and the CO₂ line-mixing formulation can significantly affect the interpretation of the high spectral resolution radiance and brightness temperature retrievals. For certain moderate-resolution satellite remote sensing channels, modifications to these spectroscopic parameters and formulations have shown the capacity to induce changes in the calculated radiances equivalent to brightness temperature differences of 1-2 K. Model calculations have further shown that modifications of the spectroscopic characteristics tend to have a modest effect on the determination of spectrally integrated radiances, fluxes, and radiative forcing estimates, with the largest differences being of order 1 W m⁻² for the total thermal infrared fluxes, and of order 2-3% of the calculated radiative forcing at the tropopause attributed to the combined doubling of CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄. The results from this investigation are intended to function as a guide to differentiate between cases where older parameterizations provide acceptable results, within specified accuracy bounds, and cases where upgrades to the latest spectroscopic database are necessary.     

基于非线性最小二乘法的多光谱拟合程序：应用于12CH4谱线参数分析

精确的甲烷分子实验光谱参数在大气科学和天文探测等领域有着广泛的应用,特别是谱线的展宽系数及其温度依赖系数对于甲烷分子浓度廓线的研究尤为重要。精密的实验测量是获得准确谱线参数的重要手段。采用实验测量获取谱线参数时,需要在已知实验条件（浓度,温度,总压力,吸收光程以及气体分子种类的混合比等）的情况下,多次扫描同一波段范围得到多组实验室吸收光谱,然后利用基于非线性最小二乘法的拟合程序处理这些光谱,反演获得所需要的光谱参数。然而,一般常用的单光谱拟合程序处理实验光谱既费时又容易引起拟合过程中的误差传递。针对此问题,采用最小二乘拟合技术和Levenberg-Marquardt迭代算法编写了一款适用于处理由可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）所获得的吸收光谱的多光谱拟合程序。该程序可同时处理多张实验光谱,并基于全局拟合方法获得一套光谱参数。详细介绍了该程序的原理、使用方法及数据处理过程。利用多光谱拟合程序中的Voigt线型处理了2 958～2 959 cm-1波数内甲烷（12CH₄）分子6条跃迁谱线的实验光谱,获得了296.0,251.0,223.0,198.0和173.0 K共5组温度下12CH₄分子6条谱线的空气展宽系数。与之前文献报道的该波段内采用单光谱拟合程序得到的相应数据对比结果表明：获得的各温度下的空气展宽系数与参考文献中相应数据差值的百分比处在-4.97%~1.58%之间,两者数据整体符合较好,并且在30组对比数据中,有4组由单光谱拟合程序得到的空气展宽系数的误差值小于由多光谱拟合程序得到的相应数值,有2组数据显示由两种方法获得的误差值相等,其余24组由多光谱拟合程序获得的数据拟合误差小于由单光谱拟合程序获得的相应数值,表明多光谱拟合程序具有良好的可靠性,适用于气体分子吸收光谱的处理。     

红外光谱结合线阵列检测技术研究聚合物分散液晶膜分子取向

采用偏振红外光谱和变温红外光谱研究聚合物分散液晶膜中液晶分子取向随外加电场及温度的变化.利用线阵列检测技术表征了聚合物与液晶界面处的成分分布.结果表明,线阵列检测技术能够快速而直观地给出成分分布图,通过该成分分布图可以解释PDLC在温度场作用下分子取向的变化.     

Collisional broadening and shifting of the 211-202 transition of H2O, H2O, H2O by atmosphere gases

Broadening and shifting of the 2₁₁-2₀₂ transition of H₂¹⁶O, H₂¹⁷O, H₂¹⁸O by pressure of water, nitrogen and oxygen were precisely measured at room temperature using spectrometer with radio-acoustic detection of absorption. Shift parameters for all studied lines as well as broadening parameters of H₂¹⁷O, H₂¹⁸O lines were measured for the first time. Comparison of obtained results with previously known experimental and theoretical data is presented.     

Low threshold laser cavities of two-dimensional photonic crystal line defect mode

Two-dimensional (2D) rod-type photonic crystal (PC) line defect waveguide (LDW) laser cavities based on three types of line defect modes with zero group velocity are studied by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. These laser cavities have high quality (Q) factor, better localization of light, non-uniform gain distribution and small overlap between gain medium and light field. Therefore, they have the advantages over conventional and air-bridge PC cavities with uniform gain, such as low threshold, single mode lasing and effectively avoiding thermal effect. From their comparison, one can find the mode at middle Brillouin zones (BZ) is the best one to be used as lasing mode. Its dynamic lasing process and lasing features are demonstrated by the numerical experiment where the FDTD method coupling Maxwell's equations with the rate equations of electronic population is used.     

基于同步辐射加速器的康普顿背散射γ光源性质及其应用研究

本文介绍了利用康普顿背散射 (BCS)产生γ射线的原理 ,并以SSRF储存环电子运行参数为例 ,给出了利用BCS方法产生MeV量级γ射线束的计算结果 ,预期该光子束具有高强度、高极化度、单色性、方向性好等优点。同时对国际上已运行和拟建的高能和低能γ束线站的装置和性能作了简要介绍 ,并分别探讨了高能和低能准单色极化γ射线在核物理和核天体物理研究中广泛的应用前景。文中对基于正对以及离轴几何条件下 ,采用直线加速器加速的电子同短脉冲强激光发生Compton/Thomson散射的激光同步辐射源作了初步探讨 ,这一方法为我们构建超短脉冲的高亮度、准单色、可调谐的X γ射线源开辟了一条新途径。     

Apparent diffusion coefficient of line scan diffusion image in normal prostate and prostate cancer—comparison with single-shot echo planner image

Purpose

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of line scan diffusion images (LSDI) in normal prostate and prostate cancer. Single-shot echo planner images (SS-EPI) were used for comparison.

Materials and Methods

Twenty prostate tumors were examined by conventional MRI in 14 patients prior to radical prostatectomy. All patients were examined with a 1.5-T MR imager (Signa CV/i ver. 9.1 GE Medical System Milwaukee, WI, USA). Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) using LSDI was performed with a pelvic phased-array coil, with b values of 5 and 800 s/mm². DWI using SS-EPI was performed with a body coil, with b values of 0 and 800 s/mm². The ADCs of each sequence for 14 normal prostate and 20 prostate cancers were histopathologically assessed. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on DWI was estimated and compared for each sequence.

Results

The mean ADCs (±S.D.) of normal peripheral zones (PZ), transition zones (TZ) and cancer (in 10⁻³ mm²/s) that used LSDI were 1.42±0.12, 1.23±0.10 and 0.79±0.19, respectively. Those that used SS-EPI were 1.76±0.26, 1.38±0.20 and 1.05±0.27, respectively. Using unpaired t test (P<.05), we found a significant difference in each sequence between normal tissue (both PZ and TZ) and the cancer. Paired t test (P<.05) also registered a significant difference between LSDI and SS-EPI. Mean SNR for DWI using LSDI was 16.49±5.03, while the DWI using SS-EPI was 18.85±9.26. The difference between the SNR of each sequence was not statistically significant by paired t test.

Conclusion

We found that ADCs using LSDI and SS-EPI showed similar tendencies in the same patients. However, in all regions, LSDI ADCs had smaller standard deviations than SS-EPI ADCs.     

太阳过渡区紫外光谱的观测与诊断

太阳过渡区是太阳色球层顶到日冕底部的大气薄层。厚度仅几百千米,但其间太阳等离子体参数变化剧烈。过渡区的辐射多为光学薄的远紫外、极紫外发射谱线和背景连续谱线。由于地球大气的吸收,过渡区紫外光谱需通过天基观测才能实现。近几十年来,星载仪器的成功发射为太阳过渡区的研究打开了新纪元。工作回顾了太阳过渡区紫外光谱的观测历史和各类星载仪器,特别介绍了近十几年几种重要的光谱仪器。详细阐述了过渡区紫外光谱的发生率、电子密度和电子温度的诊断原理。讨论了过渡区紫外谱线的形状,并以SOHO/SUMER光谱仪为例介绍了表征谱线的几种重要参量及其物理意义。     

Interval optimization based line sampling method for fuzzy and random reliability analysis

For structural system with fuzzy variables as well as random variables, a novel algorithm for obtaining membership function of fuzzy reliability is presented on interval optimization based Line Sampling (LS) method. In the presented algorithm, the value domain of the fuzzy variables under the given membership level is firstly obtained according to their membership functions. Then, in the value domain of the fuzzy variables, bounds of reliability of the structure are obtained by the nesting analysis of the interval optimization, which is performed by modern heuristic methods, and reliability analysis, which is achieved by the LS method in the reduced space of the random variables. In this way the uncertainties of the input variables are propagated to the safety measurement of the structure, and the membership function of the fuzzy reliability is obtained. The presented algorithm not only inherits the advantage of the direct Monte Carlo method in propagating and distinguishing the fuzzy and random uncertainties, but also can improve the computational efficiency tremendously in case of acceptable precision. Several examples are used to illustrate the advantages of the presented algorithm.     

Enhanced multi-Hoffmann heuristic for efficiently solving real-world assembly line balancing problems in automotive industry

In production systems of automobile manufacturers, multi-variant products are assembled on paced final assembly lines. The assignment of operations to workplaces and workers deter mines the productivity of the manufacturing process. In research, various exact and heuristic solution procedures have been developed for different versions of the so-called assembly line balancing problem.