汉江中下游硅藻群落时空分布及其影响因素研究

为研究汉江中下游水体和沉积物硅藻的时空分布特征及其影响因素, 于2014年春、秋两季对汉江中下游5个监测断面的硅藻群落进行监测。基于18S rRNA Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术的鉴定结果, 共得到硅藻3纲28目49科111属160种, 其中沉积物硅藻占98.6%。物种丰度显著多于已有研究的结果, 体现了高通量测序技术在硅藻物种鉴定上的优势。水体和沉积物硅藻群落组成和优势种有显著差异, 水体中硅藻优势种为Pinnularia, Cyclotella和Nitzschia, 沉积物中硅藻优势种为Pinnularia, Nitzschia和Navicula。汉江中下游硅藻群落多样性的时空差异明显, 硅藻多样性存在空间异质性, 且沉积物硅藻比水体硅藻多样性丰富; 在季节影响方面, 表现为秋季硅藻物种多样性比春季丰富。总氮、氨氮、硝态氮和总磷等环境因素对硅藻群落组成影响较大, 因此氮磷控制对避免汉江中下游硅藻水华发生具有重要意义。     

长江下游新石器时代遗址的空间分布特征

基于泰森多边形、空间自相关及核密度估计等方法,研究了长江下游新石器时代遗址的空间分布规律及特征。结果表明:(1)不同文化遗址均呈现出聚集分布特征,但存在单核与多核的差异。马家浜文化遗址主要集聚在太湖的东、西部,以草鞋山、骆驼墩遗址群最为密集;崧泽文化遗址集聚于太湖东、东北部,以草鞋山遗址群最为密集;良渚文化遗址主要集聚在太湖南部、东部,以余杭—良渚遗址群最为密集;马桥文化遗址主要集聚在太湖东部和西南部,以上海西部的马桥、湖州—长兴、海宁—海盐一带的遗址群最为集中。马家浜至崧泽时期遗址呈多核心特征,崧泽至良渚时期遗址由多核变为单核,马桥时期遗址聚集区重现多核心特征。(2)随着气候、地貌、社会结构的演变,遗址密集区的分布趋势、连续性及密度相应变化。遗址密集区分布呈现出由太湖东、西部先向太湖东、南部,再向太湖南部,最后向太湖东、西南部发展的趋势。遗址聚集区的连续性和密度在马家浜、崧泽、良渚时期逐渐增强,而马桥时期遗址密集区的连续性和密度较良渚时期有所下降。研究结果对研究人地关系具有一定的参考借鉴意义。     

藏东南高寒区尼洋河河谷地带不同土地利用方式土壤抗蚀性研究

土壤抗蚀性是评价土壤侵蚀潜在发生可能性的重要综合性指标,研究高寒河谷地带不同土地利用方式土壤抗蚀性为土地利用模式优化和资源整合提供理论依据.本文应用主成分分析法对藏东南高寒区尼洋河流域5种不同土地利用方式下的3大类、13个土壤抗蚀性指标进行分析研究.研究结果表明:土壤团粒类指标和有机质能很好地反映土壤抗蚀性,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数、0.5mm水稳性团聚体质量分数、0.25 mm非水稳性团聚体质量分数、水稳性指数、平均重量直径、团聚体结构破坏率、有机质7个指标对土壤抗蚀性的影响最为明显,是表现不同土地利用方式土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标.各抗蚀性指标值基本表现出(0～15)cm(16～30)cm规律.通过建立权重求和模型发现0～15 cm表层土壤抗蚀性能远远大于16～30 cm;最终,通过叠加法得出不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性评价从强到弱顺序为:灌木林地(SL)、天然林地(NF)、农耕地(CL)、河滩林地(BL)、人工林地(AF).     

基于综合水质标识指数法的九洲江水质评价

【目的】综合评价水环境质量,全面把握水环境污染特征是水环境治理中的重要基础性工作。【方法】采用综合水质标识指数评价法对2016年九洲江水质进行评价。【结果】九洲江9个断面综合水质类别均达到水环境功能区目标,主要污染物依次为氨氮、总磷、溶解氧。从时间变化上来看,除了2月份、6~9月份丰水期外,其余月份均出现超标因子。从空间变化上来看,综合水质标识指数由高到低依次为1#陆川污水处理厂下游2#大桥坝3#滩面桥、11#温水浪7#文车桥、9#石角镇蟠龙桥、12#顺路沙场4#良田坝、5#飞蛾岭。其中,1#陆川污水处理厂下游指数较高是受到上游干流周边的生活污水、工业废水、畜禽养殖废水未经处理排放的影响,7#文车桥、11#温水浪和9#石角镇蟠龙桥指数出现升高,是由于宁潭河、圭地河、古城河3条支流的分别汇入。【结论】综合水质标识指数评价法较之综合污染指数法,弥补了不能直观判断综合水质类别的缺点,有既能判断综合水质类别,说明水质达标情况,识别单因子水质达标个数,还能够评价劣Ⅴ类水质的黑臭情况的优点。     

近50年钦江水沙变化研究

【目的】分析钦江近50年来河流水沙变化特征,以及河床演变对水沙变化的响应。【方法】以钦江为研究对象,收集长时间序列的水沙和河床断面资料,基于小波分析、"3S"和Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验等方法,分析水沙变化及其影响因素。【结果】20世纪60年代以来钦江水沙均呈现下降趋势,其中含沙量下降趋势尤为明显,水沙变化突变年份是1979年和1995年;夏半年的平均流量与平均输沙量分别占全年的58.62%和61.77%,年平均流量和年平均含沙量存在4~6年和15年的周期振荡特征;中游河床枯季先冲刷后淤积,下游则以冲刷为主;流量主要受降雨控制,而含沙量则主要受控于水土流失、森林保育和人口增长等多种因素。【结论】钦江水沙总体呈下降趋势,水土流失、水利工程和耗水量等人类活动是泥沙减少的重要影响因素。     

长江经济带城镇体系发展现状分析

运用长江经济带各省(直辖市)2009年和2014年的相关数据,从土地面积、城镇数目、总人口、城镇人口、人口密度等几方面分析长江经济带城镇体系发展现状;得出结论:长江经济带经济发展水平较高,城镇布局较多,在全国经济发展格局中具有举足轻重的地位,然而长江经济带东中西三大地带城镇体系发展差距较大,空间分布不均衡,运行成本较高;据此提出相关建议措施,改善长江经济带城镇体系不合理的现状,促进长江经济带健康稳定发展。     

Herbicide and degradate flux in the Yazoo River Basin

During 1996-1997, water samples were collected from five sites in the Yazoo River Basin and analysed for 14 herbicides and nine degradates. These included acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, metribuzin, molinate, norflurazon, prometryn, propanil, propazine, simazine, trifluralin, three degradates of fluometuron, two degradates of atrazine, one degradate of cyanazine, norflurazon, prometryn, and propanil. Fluxes generally were higher in 1997 than in 1996 due to a greater rainfall in 1997 than 1996. Fluxes were much larger from streams in the alluvial plain (an area of very productive farmland) than from the Skuna River in the bluff hills (an area of small farms, pasture, and forest). Adding the flux of the atrazine degradates to the atrazine flux increased the total atrazine flux by an average of 14.5%. The fluometuron degradates added about 10% to the total fluometuron flux, and adding the norflurazon degradate flux to the norflurazon flux increased the flux by 82% in 1996 and by 171% in 1997.     

开发贡-嘎山南坡田湾河生态旅游的构思

根据田湾河开发生态旅游的基础条件 ,提出了开发山地生态旅游的基本构思 ,其中包括生态旅游主题定位、设计原则、旅游产品和项目设计等 .最后 ,提出了该区生态旅游可持续发展的举措     

Determination of trace metals by voltamperometry in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) employed as environmental bio-indicator

Abstract

In the present work, metals (cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, tin, selenium, and mercury) have been estimated in the Ebro River (Spain) using the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as an environmental bio-indicator. In two sequential studies, in 2006 and 2008, concentrations of metals were calculated in water as well as in the shells and fleshes of the zebra mussels. Samples were collected from assorted locations of the river. Metals were determined successfully at trace levels through voltamperometry, a sensitive technique. It has been noted that analysis of bioaccumulators like zebra mussels can be helpful in evaluating metal pollution in water.     

Extension and application of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares to four-way quadrilinear data-obtained in the investigation of pollution patterns on Yamuna River,India—A case study

This study focuses on the development and extension of Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) to the analysis of four-way datasets. The proposed extension of the MCR-ALS method with non-negativity and the newly developed quadrilinear constraints can be exploited to summarize and manage huge multidimensional datasets and resolve their four way component profiles. In this study, its application is demonstrated by analyzing a four-way data set obtained in a long term environmental monitoring study (15 sampling sites × 9 variables × 12 months × 7 years) belonging to the Yamuna River, one of the most polluted rivers of India and the largest tributary of the Ganges river. MCR-ALS resolved pollution profiles described appropriately the major observed changes on pH, organic pollution, bacteriological pollution and temperature, along with their spatial and temporal distribution patterns for the studied stretch of Yamuna River. Results obtained by MCR-ALS have also been compared with those obtained by another multi-way method, PARAFAC. The methodology used in this study is completely general and it can be applied to other multi-way datasets.