Residual stress analysis near a cold expanded hole in a textured alclad sheet using X-ray diffraction

In this paper we present the methods of determination and the stress obtained at the periphery of a cold expanded hole in a 2024-T3 Alclad aluminum alloy sheet. The measurements in the aluminum clad were performed by the sin²Ψ method, taking experimental precautions to deal with the texture effects. In the core aluminum a special method had to be implemented to determine the stress values in a direction not accessible to the X-ray diffraction. The strains were measured in sample orientations selected according to the texture characteristics and stress factorsF _ij were used to calculate the stress tensor. TheF _ij values were determined assuming a quasi-isotropic material behavior, after concluding that the stress results were not significantly affected by factors calculated for textured material. The residual stress profile, both in the clad and in the sheet, shows a nearly axisymmetric stress state. Compressive stresses were observed near the periphery of the hole, with values that are higher on the exit than on the entrance face. Residual stresses were also higher in the hoop direction than in the radial direction. They decreased with the radial distance to the hole and affected the previous stress state over a distance of 6 mm. The plastic deformation induced by the cold expansion is well evidenced by the FWHM values, which in the affected zone decrease with increasing distance from the hole edge.     

Characterizing texture in polycrystalline materials by ultrasonic waves

A method for characterizing texture from measurements of ultrasonic wave velocities is proposed. In polycrystalline aggregates, ultrasonic wave velocities are strongly affected by orientation distribution coefficients (ODCs), which are usually used to describe the degree of preferred grain orientation in textured materials. In this work, velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves propagating into aluminum alloy 6061 were measured under pure shear, simple shear and uniaxial tension. From the measured ultrasonic wave velocities, the ODCs W₄₀₀ and W₄₂₀ were calculated to infer the deformation-induced texture. The predicted pole figures, obtained using ultrasonic velocities, were in good qualitative agreement with the finite element polycrystal model analyzed pole figures.     

Characterisation of non-linear viscoelastic foods by the indentation technique

A method to determine the non-linear viscoelastic constitutive constants from indentation force–displacement data corresponding to different indentation speeds has been developed. The method consists of two parts. In the first part, the force–displacement data is expressed as two functions which represent the strain and the time-dependent responses, respectively. From these functions, the time-dependent constants and the instantaneous force–displacement response are obtained. In the second part, the strain-dependent variables are determined from the instantaneous force–displacement response through an inverse analysis based on the Levenberg–Marquardt method. The method was verified by numerical experiments using the properties of cheese as examples.     

Hot deformation in nanocrystalline Ndben Feben B backward extruded rings

Radially oriented Nd-Fe-B rings are prepared by backward extrusion of fine grained melt-spun powder. Melt-spun powder with the nominal composition of Nd_30.5Fe_bal.Co_6.0Ga_0.6Al_0.2B_0.9 (wt%) is used as starting material. The effects of process variables, such as deformation temperature (T_d), strain rate (ε) and height reduction (Δh%), on the magnetic properties of the rings are investigated. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy spectrum device is used to study the metallograph and microfracture of the extruded rings. The B_r and (BH)_max reach the optimum values at T_d=800℃, ε =0.01 mm/s, and Δh% =70%. It is found by SEM observations that the particle boundaries, which seemingly correspond to the interfaces of the starting melt-spun powders, emerge after the corrosion of metallography specimens. This is helpful for studying the effects of powder-powder interface on the local deformation and deformation homogeneity in the rings. For different spatial positions of the extruded rings, there are characteristic metallographies and microfractures. The upper end of the rings has the least deformation and worst texture, and therefore the worst magnetic properties. The magnetic properties in the radial direction increase slightly along the axis from the bottom to the middle, then steeply decrease at the upper end of the ring. The deformation and the formation-of-texturing processes are discussed. The deformation and the texturing formation of melt-spun Nd-Fe-B alloys probably involve grain boundary sliding and grain rotation, the solution-precipitation process and preferential growth of Nd₂Fe₁₄B nanograins along the easy growth a-axis.     

Meter-long CeO2/YSZ/Y2O3 buffer layers for YBCO coated conductors using DC reactive sputtering

This paper reports CeO₂/YSZ/Y₂O₃ buffer layers deposited on biaxially textured NiW substrates by DC reactive sputtering in a reel-to-reel system. The effect of partial pressure of water vapor (P_H2O) on surface morphology and orientation of the Y₂O₃ films was examined. The obtained CeO₂/YSZ/Y₂O₃ buffer layers exhibit a highly biaxial texture, with in- and out-of-plane FWHM values respectively in the range of 6.0–7.0° and 4.5–5.5°. Crystallographic consistency of CeO₂/YSZ/Y₂O₃ along meter length is excellent. Atomic force microscope observation (AFM) reveals a smooth, continuous and crack-free surface with a Root-mean-square roughness (RMS) lower than 10 nm.     

Al_2O_3-ZrO_2复相陶瓷的超塑压缩变形织构

为了验证Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷压缩变形后是否出现织构,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、极图和扫描电镜（SEM）对Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷超塑压缩变形后的组织进行了分析。结果表明：复相陶瓷压缩变形后,Al2O3晶粒在（110）、（113）和（300）晶面出现择优取向,织构强度高达6.21,而ZrO2取向不明显。     

照图穿综的计算机辅助设计

本文利用计算机推导出织物上机图照图穿综的计算方法,并研制了相应的程序。藉助本算法及程序,可方便地实现任何织物组织的穿综图和提综图的自动设计。     

Thermotropic polyesters. 1: Synthesis, characterization and thermal transition of poly[4,4-bis(ω-alkoxy)biphenyl isophthalate]

A new homologous series of thermotropic polyesters has been synthesized by polycondensation reaction between isophthaloyl chloride and mesogenic diols 4,4^′-bis(ω-hydroxyalkoxy)biphenyl in which the spacer length is varied from 3 to 6 methylene units. The thermal behavior of the polymers has been characterized using polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The odd members exhibit a smectic C (S_C) phase in a narrow temperature interval, while the even members form a smectic A (S_A) phase in a broader temperature range. All of the obtained compounds were characterized by conventional spectroscopic methods.     

冷轧工艺对铁素体不锈钢成形性能的影响

为了研究冷轧工艺对新型铁素体不锈钢19Cr2Mo1W成形性能的影响,采用XRD,EBSD技术以及平均塑性应变比与粗糙度测量等手段,研究了不同压下率冷轧及随后退火过程中的织构演变和微观组织变化,并讨论了织构和微观组织对成形性能的影响.结果表明:随着冷轧压下率的增加,铁素体不锈钢中的α和γ纤维织构均有所增强,且α和γ纤维织构最终稳定取向分别为223〈110〉和111〈011〉.冷轧板α纤维织构中223〈110〉组分越强,退火后γ再结晶织构强度越高.冷轧板在1050℃退火时,薄板的γ再结晶织构强度高,再结晶组织均匀且尺寸较小,表面粗糙度最小,综合成形性能最佳.     

结晶型高分子材料的平面取向演化与塑性响应

建立了描述结晶型高分子材料的平面取向演化及其塑性响应的解析框架。文中针对材料中分子链不可伸长的特点，修正了Ｔａｙｌｏｒ假定。引入连续的取向分布函数，并将它展开成不可约的张量形式表示，通过建立并求解展开系数的演化方程，最终获得问题的解。文中模拟了单轴拉伸和简单剪切时链轴朝拉伸方向偏转的过程，描述了应力的上扬硬化现象．