Moisture sorption mechanism of aromatic polyamide fibers. V: Growth of crystallites in as-spun wet poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber during dehydration

Wide-angle x-ray diffraction studies were performed for as-spun wet poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber. The effects of sorbed water on the equatorial diffractions from the (110) and (200) crystal planes and on the meridional diffractions from the (002), (004), and (006) crystal planes were analyzed during desorption and absorption. There was no significant change in the d-spacing from the respective crystal plane irrespective of the moisture (water) regain. The ratio of the diffracted intensity from the (110) diffraction to that from the (200) diffraction remarkably increased by removing the sorbed water. The crystallite size estimated from the (110) diffraction, L₁₁₀, also increased as the moisture regain decreased, while the L₂₀₀ did not increase. The longitudinal size of paracrystallite, D₀₀₁, also remarkably increased with the decrease in moisture regain with the lattice distortion factor, g_II, kept unchanged. These results strongly suggested the growth of the crystallite via hydrogen bonds in the lateral (b-axis) direction. The growth of the lateral size of crystallite also accompanied the longitudinal growth of crystallite during desorption. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35 : 1423–1432, 1997     

Kevlar纤维的聚丙二醇及丁烯二醇改性研究

探讨了聚丙二醇(PPG)及2-丁烯-1,4-二醇对Kevlar纤维的改性机理,并采用红外光谱分析法考察了Kevlar纤维表面用甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)酯化的情况。同时分别分析了用聚丙二醇和丁烯二醇对Kevlar纤维封端后产物的红外光谱图,结果表明：封端后样品在1 700～1 720 cm-1处的吸收峰得到了加强,即—NCO转化成—CONH—,封端效果明显;在相同用量的条件下,丁烯二醇的封端效果明显优于PPG。文中还比较了不同的n_TDI∶n_丁烯二醇值对稳定化产物封端效果的影响,表明过量的丁烯二醇不利于纤维的进一步反应,n_TDI∶n_丁烯二醇应控制在1∶1左右。     

kevlar纤维增强尼龙6复合材料的力学性能

对Kevlar纤维进行了改性,使其成为己内酰胺阴离子开环聚合的活性中心,采用阴离子接枝法在Kevlar纤维(KF)表面接枝尼龙6低聚物,并与基体尼龙6混合,用挤出和注塑方式制备了尼龙6/改性Kevlar纤维(PA6/KF1)复合材料。ESEM和XPS分析表明,Kevlar纤维表面接枝上了尼龙6低聚物。比较了尼龙6/未改性Kevlar纤维(PA6/KF0)和PA6/KF1复合材料的力学性能及破坏形态,同时探讨了其破坏机理。结果表明,接枝尼龙6的KF1增强了KF与尼龙6复合材料界面的相互作用,拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别提高了20.69%、12.26%和14.23%,但冲击强度降低了8.2%;当复合材料被破坏时,未改性纤维表面只粘附有少量的树脂尼龙6,而改性纤维的表面有较多的树脂包覆层,呈部分非界面脱粘破坏,具有良好的界面结合能力。     

Advanced functional safeguarding composites with enhanced anti-impact and excellent thermal properties

Personal safety protection has played an important role in daily life. Developing advanced functional safeguarding composites with enhanced anti-impact and excellent thermal properties will be a significant development for body armor. Herein, Kevlar fiber reinforced polymers (KFRP) were fabricated by introducing short Kevlar fibers (KFs) into a shear stiffening elastomer (SSE). The storage modulus of KFRP with 15 wt% KFs (KFRP-15%) increased from 222.8 kPa to 830.8 kPa when the shear frequency varied from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz. KFRP-15% achieved a higher tensile strength (2.65 MPa) and fracture toughness (11.95 kJ/m2) than SSE in the vertical type, showing superior tear resistance. Additionally, KFRP-15% exhibited promising anti-impact properties, which could dissipate the drop hammer impact force from 1.74 kN to 0.56 kN and remained intact after 10 consecutive impacts. Moreover, KFRP-15% also presented excellent stab-resistant performance. In addition, KFRP-15% also showed improved heat transfer properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression capabilities. Finally, functional bracers based on KFRP-15% for protection, thermal-dissipation, and flame-retardant were successfully prepared.     

Hydrolytic and photochemical aging studies of a Kevlar-PBI blend

The focus of this work is the study of the hydrolytic and photochemical aging behavior of a Kevlar^®-PBI blend fabric. Tensile tests carried out on yarns extracted from this fabric after either irradiation with UV light or exposure to high humidity indicated a continuous decrease of the breaking force with exposure time. ATR-FTIR analyses of photo-chemically aged samples showed evidence of a photo-oxidative reaction initiated by the cleavage of the amide bond of Kevlar. The overlapping of the breaking-force curves that was observed as the irradiance level was increased at constant temperature is believed to be caused by a “screen” effect produced by Photo-Fries products. The fact that at constant temperature the breaking force was unaffected by the variation of the relative humidity suggests that the absorption of water is not the rate-controlling step in the degradation kinetics. ATR-FTIR analyses revealed the presence of a new absorption band ascribed to carboxylic acid end groups produced during the hydrolysis of the amide linkage that occurred after humidity aging. The relative intensity of the -COOH band tended to a constant value as exposure times increased, suggesting that in addition to the hydrolysis, a competing recombination reaction takes place during degradation. A kinetic model for the hydrolytic degradation process was formulated and solved.     

A New Phenomenon—Amplitude‐Modulated Free Oscillations (Beatings) in Loaded,Highly Oriented Fibers from Semicrystalline Polymers

A new phenomenon in highly oriented semicrystalline polymers has been found—the occurrence of amplitude‐modulated oscillations (or beatings). The beatings appeared for certain external conditions. A preliminary interpretation of the phenomenon is given at the supermolecular level.     

Kevlar层合板动静态侵彻贯穿特性的实验研究

本文以Kevlar/环氧树脂层合材料为对象,通过动静态侵彻实验,研究层合板的抗贯穿特性。利用MTS810材料试验机进行准静态侵彻实验,根据测得的加载载荷-位移曲线及靶板的破坏模式,分析了靶板的准静态侵彻行为。实验指出,准静态侵彻时层合板的整体弯曲变形是其主要吸能模式,织物铺层板的吸能量要高于无编织铺层板,表现出更好的抗侵彻性。采用7.62mm口径滑膛枪开展了初速为200～700m/s的弹道冲击实验,讨论了不同弹形弹丸侵彻靶板的效果以及不同铺设方式靶板的抗弹性能和破坏模式。通过与准静态侵彻实验结果的对比,发现靶板的抗侵彻性能和破坏模式与侵彻速度有明显关系。动态侵彻时层合板的破坏局域化,破坏模式多样化。弹形对侵彻效果的影响主要体现于接近弹道极限的低速段。     

芳纶纤维织物摩擦磨损性能的研究

用ＭＭ－２００型摩擦磨损试验机考察了不同条件下芳纶纤维织物的摩擦学性能,并用扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪对纤维织物的磨损表面、磨屑形貌及结晶性进行了观察和分析．结果表明：随着负荷的增大,织物的摩擦系数略有降低,磨损呈上升趋势;速度对织物的摩擦学性能影响不大;纤维束的挤压变形和磨屑的填充作用导致磨损表面被压实并变得光滑,从而使真实接触面积增大,摩擦条件改善．２５０℃处理后织物中的纤维强度降低,因而磨损增大．     

编织Kevlar/Epoxy复合材料层合板在冲击荷载下的动态响应

通过编织Kevlar/Epoxy复合材料层合板的平头弹冲击实验,分析了结构在不同冲量下的变形失效模式以及结构的抗冲击性能。实验表明复合板的变形失效模式主要表现为:(1)弹性变形;(2)复合板表面嵌入失效及整体塑性大变形;(3)背面纤维拉伸断裂及分层失效。基于实验研究,运用LS-DYNA 971有限元程序对铺层数不同的复合板在冲击载荷作用下的动态响应过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与实验吻合较好,子弹作用区域边缘处首先发生近似圆形的嵌入失效,而在板背面发生近似正方形的破坏区域;计算中重点分析了铺层数对结构动力响应的影响,在一定冲量范围内,通过对铺层数的优化,能够有效地减小后面板挠度,提高结构的能量吸收效率,增强结构的抗冲击性能。     

基于剪切增稠液体防护装甲的研究

综述了剪切增稠液体(Shear Thickening Fluid,即STF)的基本性质、组成成分、流变机理,影响STF流变性能的诸多因素以及对STF流变性能的研究方法,介绍了STF中聚乙二醇(PEG)/纳米SiO2颗粒体系和SiO2的制备方法,对PEG/SiO2的增稠机理进行了讲解。在对STF研究的基础上,阐述了STF-织物组成的液体防护装甲的优异防护性能、防弹和防刺(防锥、防刀)机理,讲述了STF-Kevlar构成的液体防护装甲及防刺机理,介绍了动态防刺测试和准静态防刺测试,最后对液体防护装甲未来研究方面进行了展望。