The analysis of solutions containing mixtures of linear sodium phosphates

A new method for analysis of sodium ortho-, pyro-, and triphosphate is reported. This procedure consists of the measurement of three values which permit a simultaneous solution of three independent equations, yielding the relative amounts of linear phosphates present in the mixture. The measured quantities were: 1) pyrophosphate, gravimetrically determined as zinc pyrophosphate, reprecipitated at 19° and at a pH of 4.0 – 4.5, 2) silver phosphate, determined by a conductance titration at 12°, of standardized silver nitrate solution, and 3) total phosphate, determined after complete hydrolysis to orthophosphate in hot acid solution.     

Reactive scattering of Sn from Cl2 and Br2 and a lower limit on D00 (SnBr)

Laboratory (lab) angular and time-of-flight (TOF) recoil velocity spectra of SnCl product formed by crossing a thermal Sn beam with a Cl₂ nozzle beam have been measured in a molecular beam apparatus equipped with an electron bombardment ionizer—quadrupole mass filter detector unit. Product center of mass (c.m.) recoil angle and energy distributions have been fit to the data by convoluting the c.m. → lab transformation over measured beam speed distributions and the instrumental TOF resolution. The inferred distributions for the Sn + Cl₂ reaction are strikingly similar to those reported for the Li + Cl₂ reaction. In addition, SnBr product was observed from crossed beams of Sn and Br2 which establishes a lower limit for D⁰₀ (SnBr) of 131 kJ/mole.     

共产国际与中国大革命

由于共产国际对中国大革命时期共产党、无产阶级、国民党等问题有偏颇的认识，产生了指导中国大革命的“二次革命”战略，虽然对中国革命有一定的促进作用，如推动了国共合作，但是，与陈独秀右倾机会主义的产生、大革命的失败也有很大关系。     

Development and Utilization of Global/World Models in International Affairs

The development and utilization of global/world models in the context of political implications of world economic trends is overviewed in terms of three streams of research, that of the multidisciplinary social scientists, of the econometricians, and of the system engineers. Socio-political processes impinge on world economic trends, just as such trends in turn impact on politics, both national and international. The use of simulations rich in system dynamics for the study of international affairs is found to have much potential, as documented in findings obtained by researchers throughout the world.     

模糊数学在国际投资环境评价中的应用

分析论述了国际投资环境评价指标的模糊性特点，指出经典数学理论在国际投资环境研究领域应用的局限性，由此提出了将模糊数学引入国际投资环境评论的方法，并给出具体算例。运用模糊评判法能合理地综合评判各国投资环境的优劣，为决策者提供科学的依据。     

COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING IN AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER POLLUTION MODEL

In this paper, we study international river pollution problems. We introduce a model in which countries located along a river from upstream to downstream derive benefits from causing pollution, but also incur environmental costs from experiencing its own pollution and the pollution of all its upstream countries. The total welfare, being the sum of all benefits minus the sum of all costs, is maximized when all countries cooperate. Several principles from international water law are applied to find reasonable and fair distributions of the total welfare that can be obtained under full cooperation. Such a distribution of the welfare at efficient pollution levels can be implemented by monetary compensations.     

Quality assurance in biomedical neutron activation analysis: Report of an Advisory Group of the International Atomic Energy Agency,Vienna, Austria

Evidence from various sources leads to the conclusion that all current methods for the determination of trace elements in biological materials may, as currently practised, be subject to significant error, even as large as several orders of magnitude. This report, prepared by an Advisory Group convened by the International Atomic Energy Agency, examines possible sources of error arising in the application of neutron activation analysis to biomedical materials, and attempts, in the light of current knowledge, to recommend practical and effective means to avoid them. The topics discussed include sampling and sample preparation, standards, the activation of samples and standards, chemical separations, γ-ray spectrometry, and general methods of internal and external quality assurance.     

Detection limits and quantitation limits in the view of international harmonization and the consequences for analytical laboratories

 In the literature and in daily work there exist many different models to describe detection limits and quantitation limits in the chemical measurement process (CMP). It is still an open question whether the evaluation of detection and quantitation limits should be an one-off process carried out during the validation of a CMP, or whether it should be a continuous process. Because of these reasons many laboratories have difficulties to interprete such values. It is necessary that the official standardization bodies should do some efforts in the international harmonization of the special standards concerning detection and quantitation limits. Received: 3 November 1997 · Accepted: 25 January 1998     

Preparation and certification of high-grade gold geochemical reference material

One high-grade gold geochemical reference material-BND 3401.01 has been prepared by the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad in collaboration with the Hutti Gold Mines Company Limited (HGML), Hutti and National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi, in India. The sample is a sheared gold-sulphide-bearing quartz vein emplaced in a sheared acid volcanic rock that was collected at the 2400-foot level from the middle reef of Hutti deposit located in the north-western periphery of the late-Archaean Hutti-Maski greenstone belt, Karnataka, India. Fifteen institutions in India, Canada, China and Tanzania having experience in geochemical analysis had participated in this collaborative analysis programme. The sample was extensively characterized for its major, minor, trace and ultra-trace element composition by using a variety of analytical techniques. Usable values were provided for major, minor and several trace elements including all rare earth elements (REE). The certified value for the gold concentration in BND 3401.01 gold ore is 12.1±0.7 mg/kg.     

Up-to-date status of food irradiation

The last decade has witnessed significant advancement of the acceptance of food irradiation processing. At present 37 countries have approved one or more food items for human consumption and 25 countries have commercialized this process. More developing countries are showing keen interest to introduce irradiation processing in order to reduce post-harvest food losses, to increase export potentials and to ensure safety of food to their people. Although progress towards acceptance of food irradiation by the industry is slow, actual market trials have shown that once consumers have understood this technology, they are willing to buy irradiated foods.This paper deals with the latest developments in the field of food irradiation with particular reference to legislation, consumer acceptance, commercialization and potential application in developing countries. This paper also deals with the role played by the International Organizations, aimed at facilitating the acceptance of food irradiation.