不同碳补贴机制下杉木人工林最优轮伐期和碳汇成本分析

【目的】探讨不同碳补贴机制下最优轮伐期及碳汇成本的变动规律,为提高碳汇供给和降低碳汇成本提供理论依据。【方法】实地调研福建洋口国有林场杉木人工林经营和营林实践,推导不同碳补贴情境下杉木最优轮伐期和碳汇成本模型,分析立地条件、碳价格、贴现率对最优轮伐期和碳汇成本的影响。【结果】理想情境下,贴现率由2%上涨至7%时,优、中和劣等立地的碳汇成本分别下降了31.42%、32.03%和33.15%,最优轮伐期均缩短4 a。碳价格由20元/t增加至350元/t时,优、中和劣等立地碳汇成本上涨了19.24、19.43和19.38倍,最优轮伐期分别延长了8、9和10 a。年给付情境下,贴现率由2%上涨至7%时,优、中和劣等立地的碳汇成本分别下降了70.35%、70.66%和71.14%,最优轮伐期均缩短4 a。碳价格由20元/t增加至350元/t时,优、中和劣等立地的碳汇成本上涨了15.79、15.82和16.50倍,中等立地和优等立地最优轮伐期均延长1 a,劣等立地最优轮伐期维持不变。【结论】两种碳补贴情境下,碳汇成本和最优轮伐期均与贴现率负相关,与碳价格正相关。在理想情境下,中等立地碳汇成本对碳价格变动的敏感性最强,但在年给付情境下,劣等立地碳汇成本对碳价格变动敏感性最强。总之,在研究区,理想情境更有利于发挥森林生态功能,实现森林生态效益。     

Crystallization of zinc lactate in presence of malic acid

The influence of malic acid, which acts as an impurity on the cooling crystallization of zinc lactate is investigated in this paper by monitoring the relative supersaturation and the number of crystals during crystallization. The presence of malic acid increases the solution solubility and makes the metastable zone wider; it also changes the habit of the crystal. The purity of the final products is shown to be influenced by the amount and size of seed crystals, cooling rate, seeding temperature and final temperature, but appears to depend mainly on the particle size and level of supersaturation. Residual supersaturation thresholds are observed that depend on the final temperature. A model is proposed to predict the steady-state supersaturation value from the final temperature at a given impurity concentration. This model is based on Kubota and Gibbs equations.     

Lactose particle engineering: Influence of ultrasound and anti-solvent on crystal habit and particle size

This study focuses on ultrasound-assisted anti-solvent crystallization of lactose, expanding on previous studies and presenting, for the first time, the results of large scale implementation of sonocrystallization for lactose. The results further clarify the interplay between solution chemistry – namely the role of β-lactose – and crystallization, representing a step forward in the fine tuning of lactose properties for pharmaceutical manufacturing applications. Batches manufactured at laboratory and pilot scales were extensively characterised, including an approach for the quantification of β-lactose in α-lactose based on powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), which is described here.     

三江县油茶林低产状况的初步研究和改造建议

用路线和样方调查方法，调查三江县的同乐、独峒、八江、同坪、林溪５个乡的油茶林。调查结果表明：三江县油茶林低产原因是多数油茶林用点播造林，导致林木个体生长和经济性状良莠混杂；同一片林老、中、幼树同存，４５年生林以老、中龄树为主；林分单位面积密度过大（２２００株／公顷～４８００株／公顷）；铲山抚育造成土壤肥力衰退；油茶树的营养水平较低。建议从当地现有的优良品种中选育良种，用育苗造林取代点播造林，用梯级整地造林、割草抚育和摘果收获取代直接在坡地上点播造林和铲山抚育以及林地捡籽收获，油茶林尚未郁闭前间种豆类及其他改良土壤的作物。     

Simulation of metastable zone width and induction time for a seeded aqueous solution of potassium sulfate

The metastable zone width (MSZW, ΔT_m) and induction time (t_ind) were determined with computer simulation for seeded batch crystallization of potassium sulfate from aqueous solution. The MSZW and induction time determined with simulation showed the same behavior as experimental values reported in the literature; log (ΔT_m) increased linearly with an increase in log R (R: cooling rate) and t_ind decreases in proportion to (ΔT)⁻ⁿ (ΔT: supercooling, n: nucleation order in the secondary rate expression of B=k_n(ΔT)ⁿ). The secondary nucleation parameters (k_n and n) were deduced both from the simulated MSZW and induction times by using the previously proposed model [J. Cryst. Growth, 2010, 312, 548–554]. The secondary nucleation rate calculated with the deduced parameters was in agreement with that calculated with the parameters input for simulation.     

工业过程预测-模糊控制

本文针对非线性、大滞后工业过程难以控制的共性问题 ,将预测控制和模糊控制相结合 ,提出了一种预测—模糊控制方法 ,经过仿真研究和电渣重熔炼钢实时控制 ,证实了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Proton induced thermal stress-wave measurements using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer

Thermal stress-waves are generated in the solid target material when the proton beam interacts. These stress waves excite natural oscillations of the target or cause plastic deformations. Hence, an experimental setup with a laser Doppler vibrometer [CITE] was developed to investigate free surface vibrations of cylindrical targets. The target configurations for RIB and conventional neutrino beams (CNGS project) were investigated to analyze proton induced thermal stress-wave generation and propagation.     

一种新颖的在线监测仪器--离子流动光谱仪

离子流动光谱仪（IMS）体积小，重量轻，耗能少，价格便宜，灵敏度高，适用范围广，能用于在线分析，是一种前景广阔的监测仪器。但有关的报道在国内却很少，本文介绍了它的基本原理、仪器构造、特点，局限性以及与色谱和质谱的连用，向小型化发展的方向。从德国光谱化学与应用光谱学研究所在此方面所作的工作讨论了离子流动光谱仪在爆炸物监控、化学武器鉴定、毒品稽查以及在线工业分析和环境监测中的应用。     

A flexible adaptive memory-based algorithm for real-life transportation operations: Two case studies from dairy and construction sector

Effective routing of vehicles remains a focal goal of all modern enterprises, thriving for excellence in project management with minimal investment and operational costs. This paper proposes a metaheuristic methodology for solving a practical variant of the well-known Vehicle Routing Problem, called Heterogeneous Fixed Fleet VRP (HFFVRP). Using a two-phase construction heuristic, called GEneralized ROute Construction Algorithm (GEROCA), the proposed metaheuristic approach enhances its flexibility to easily adopt various operational constraints. Via this approach, two real-life distribution problems faced by a dairy and a construction company were tackled and formulated as HFFVRP. Computational results on the aforementioned case studies show that the proposed metaheuristic approach (a) consistently outperforms previous published metaheuristic approaches we have developed to solve the HFFVRP, and (b) substantially improves upon the current practice of the company. The key result that impressed both companies’ management was the improvement over the bi-objective character of their problems: the minimization of the total distribution cost as well as the minimization of the number of the given heterogeneous number of vehicles used.