全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3734篇 |
免费 | 915篇 |
国内免费 | 297篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1030篇 |
晶体学 | 45篇 |
力学 | 64篇 |
综合类 | 17篇 |
数学 | 192篇 |
物理学 | 2594篇 |
综合类 | 1004篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 11篇 |
2023年 | 50篇 |
2022年 | 92篇 |
2021年 | 98篇 |
2020年 | 110篇 |
2019年 | 85篇 |
2018年 | 90篇 |
2017年 | 139篇 |
2016年 | 153篇 |
2015年 | 156篇 |
2014年 | 232篇 |
2013年 | 273篇 |
2012年 | 258篇 |
2011年 | 264篇 |
2010年 | 205篇 |
2009年 | 239篇 |
2008年 | 266篇 |
2007年 | 246篇 |
2006年 | 256篇 |
2005年 | 201篇 |
2004年 | 202篇 |
2003年 | 173篇 |
2002年 | 131篇 |
2001年 | 127篇 |
2000年 | 121篇 |
1999年 | 104篇 |
1998年 | 112篇 |
1997年 | 81篇 |
1996年 | 78篇 |
1995年 | 57篇 |
1994年 | 48篇 |
1993年 | 41篇 |
1992年 | 47篇 |
1991年 | 33篇 |
1990年 | 32篇 |
1989年 | 33篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有4946条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
双折射双频激光器偏振特性的分析 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
用激光原理和晶体光学原理分析了腔内加旋光晶体的激光器输出光的偏振特性,实验和分析表明,激光器输出两束不同频率的垂直线偏振光,激光器两端输出光的偏振面有一夹角a,且此夹角与晶轴和传光方向的夹角θ有关。理论计算结果在双折射双频激光器的实验结果符合很好。 相似文献
52.
研究了有机杂质以及抗有机杂质添加剂对镀镍过程中阴极极化性能的影响.实验结果表明,有机杂质增大了阴极极化,而抗有机杂质添加剂却能减小阴极极化.实验结果还显示,添加剂消除有机杂质污染的效果同其降低阴极极化的能力密切相关 相似文献
53.
An attempt is made to apply dielectric theories of interfacial polarization to observations of dielectric relaxations for W/O emulsions. Approximate formulas for disperse systems in a W/O type were derived from the two theories: one proposed by Maxwell and Wagner for dilute disperse systems of spherical particles, and the other developed by Hanai for concentrated disperse systems. Dielectric measurements were carried out on concentrated W/O emulsions prepared from kerosene and distilled water or KCl aqueous solutions by minimal use of emulsifiers. Marked dielectric relaxations were observed with the emulsions, the dielectric parameters having been determined to characterize the relaxation data. Phase parameters such as relative permittivity, electric conductivity and volume fraction of the disperse phase were evaluated from the dielectric parameters by use of the approximate formulas of the respective theories. The phase parameters evaluated and the frequency dependence of complex permittivity of the W/O emulsions deduced from the theory for concentrated disperse systems are in excellent agreement with the observed data in comparison to that for dilute disperse systems. It is concluded that the dielectric relaxations due to the interfacial polarization of disperse systems of spheres are explained satisfactorily by the theory for concentrated disperse systems. 相似文献
54.
55.
56.
The stability of spontaneous thin layers and thin layers formed upon cathodical polarization of Ti in KOH solutions have been
studied by potentiostatic and ellipsometric methods. At open circuit potential (OCP) the strongly adherent films, whose thickness
depends on the concentration of the KOH solution, were formed. During the cathodic polarization the transformation of these
films to weakly adsorbed precipitated layers on the electrode surface was observed. Comparing the theoretically computed curves
with the experimental Ψ vs Δ loci measured ellipsometrically, the complex indices of refraction and the thickness of the generated films, from 3.6
to 60 nm in 1 M KOH and from 36 to 105 nm in 5 M KOH (adherent to the electrode surface), were determined. At OCP the rate
of film growth increases with increasing the concentration of KOH solution. Cathodic polarizations change the chemical composition
and retard the rate of film growth. Based on the ellipsometric and electrochemical data the chemical compositions of the formed
films consisted of TiO2, Ti2O3, TiO2·H2O, Ti(OH)3 and TiOOH·nH2O. 相似文献
57.
It is well known that porphyrin derivatives play a key role in the primary process of photo-synthesis[1], in which porphyrins directly absorb the sunlight or indirectly acquire excitation en-ergy from light-harvesting antenna system to reach their excited state, and then donate electrons to quinone acceptors to yield a series of charge-separated species. In general, only first singlet ex-cited state of porphyrins is involved in energy transfer process[2]. However, highly excited state (S2 stat… 相似文献
58.
New spin-state-selective (S3) NMR pulse sequences exclusively applying cross-polarization schemes to achieve optimum homonuclear and heteronuclear 1H-X coherence transfer are reported for the simple and accurate measurement of the magnitude and sign of heteronuclear coupling constants for samples at natural abundance. The proposed spin-edited HCP-TOCSY experiments are based on clean heteronuclear S3 excitation, generated by simultaneous co-addition of two independent in-phase and anti-phase components created during the mixing heteronuclear J-cross-polarization (HCP) step, which is finally transferred to other protons by a conventional homonuclear TOCSY mechanism. Selective 1D and non-selective 2D approaches for the easy determination of long-range proton-carbon and proton-nitrogen coupling constants on any protonated and non-protonated heteronuclei are presented and discussed for several organic molecules. 相似文献
59.
E.?V.?TsipisEmail author V.?V.?Kharton I.?A.?Bashmakov E.?N.?Naumovich J.?R.?Frade 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2004,8(9):674-680
Developments of intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT SOFCs) require novel anode materials with a high electrochemical activity at 800–1070 K. The polarization of cermet anodes, made of nickel, ceria and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and applied onto a YSZ solid electrolyte, can be significantly reduced by catalytically active ceria additions, the relative role of which increases with decreasing temperature. Further improvement is observed when using Ce0.8Gd0.2O2–
(CGO) having a high oxygen ionic conductivity instead of undoped ceria, owing to enlargement of the electrochemical reaction zone. Nanocrystalline CGO powders with grain sizes of 8–35 nm were thus synthesized via the cellulose-precursor technique and introduced into Ni–CGO–YSZ cermets, and tested in contact with a (La0.9Sr0.1)0.98Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–
(LSGM) electrolyte at 873–1073 K. The results showed that the anode performance can be enhanced by additional surface activation, in particular by impregnation with a Ce-containing solution, and also by incorporation of YSZ, which probably acts as a cermet-stabilizing component. The overpotential of the surface-modified Ni–CGO (25 wt%–75 wt%) anode in a 10% H2/90% N2 atmosphere was approximately 110 mV at 1073 K with a current density of 200 mA/cm2.Presented at the OSSEP Workshop Ionic and Mixed Conductors: Methods and Processes, Aveiro, Portugal, 10–12 April 2003 相似文献
60.
Molecular mobility in thermotropic polyesters and side-chain polymers with different struc-ture of mesogens and spacers has been studied by dielectrical method in dilutesolutions. The results made it possible to establish the multiplicity of dielectric relaxationtransitions which reflects the small- and large-scale types of molecular motion. It was shownthat dielectric relaxation processes occurring in accordance with local mechanism (relaxationtimes 10~(-9)--10~(-7)s. and the activation energy 10--50kJ/mol) are due to the mobility of kineticchain elements of different length within a monomer units. It was found that the dielectricrelaxation process connected with a large-scale form of molecular motion (relaxation times10~(-5)--10~(-6)s. and the activation energy 100kJ/mol) did not depend on the molecular massbut was infiuenced by factors changing the conformational state of the macromolecule. It isestablished tha the cooperative reorientation mobility of associated mesogenic fragments isthe source of the large-scale process. 相似文献