TiO2/AC复合光催化剂对苯和丁醛的气相光催化降解机理

 利用溶胶-凝胶并水热处理法制备了TiO2光催化剂和TiO2/AC复合光催化剂,在静态光催化反应器中研究了苯和丁醛的气相吸附和光催化降解,利气相色谱分析确定了生成的中间体. 结果表明, TiO2/AC复合光催化剂比TiO2光催化剂具有较强的吸附能力和较高的光催化活性; 在TiO2和TiO2/AC上,苯(或丁醛)光催化降解产生相同的中间体,表明在两种催化剂上发生的光催化反应遵循相同的机理,进而讨论了其可能的光催化氧化途径.     

Membrane distillation operated at high seawater concentration factors: Role of the membrane on CaCO3 scaling in presence of humic acid

This study aims at investigating the kinetics of calcium carbonate precipitation (scaling), that occurs in the form of vaterite, when treating seawater by direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) operated at high concentration factors (from 4 to 6). Induction time measurements carried out by dynamic light scattering (DLS) allowed to identify the shifting between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms as a function of supersaturation. CaCO₃ interfacial energy, evaluated for concentrated seawater solutions as 45 mJ/m², increased by 7% as a consequence of the inhibition effect of humic acid, and it was reduced to 32 mJ/m² in correspondence of heterogeneous nucleation occurring on microporous polypropylene membranes. Gibbs free energy barrier to the formation of critical nuclei was predicted with good accuracy as a function of physico-chemical properties of the membrane (porosity: 0.70, contact angle: 115 ± 2°).     

氨功能化介孔MCM-41固载锰卟啉作为萘羟基化多相催化剂

将不同含量的四(五氟苯基)卟啉锰固载于表面氨基功能化的MCM-41介孔分子筛,所得样品通过粉末X射线衍射、氮气吸附脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、漫反射紫外-可见光谱、热重和差示扫描量热、电感耦合等离子体进行了表征.结果表明,四(五氟苯基)卟啉锰通过Mn与氨基的轴向配位固载于MCM-41.所制备的样品作为多相催化剂在以间氯过氧苯甲酸为氧化剂选择氧化萘反应中表现出良好的催化性能,且多次使用后没有明显的活性损失.     

Palladium Supported on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for SuzukiMiyaura and Hiyama Reactions under Normal Laboratory Conditions

Nanoscale Pd supported on ZnO was prepared by a facile coprecipitation method. Pd/ZnO Nanoparticles were characterized by using XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS, BET specific surface area measurement, and thermogravimetric analysis. This catalyst was used as novel and excellent heterogeneous catalyst for ligand‐free C? C bond‐formation particularly in the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls by Suzuki? Miyaura and Hiyama cross‐coupling reactions under air atmosphere without use of any Ar or N₂ flow. The catalyst can be recovered and recycled several times without marked loss of activity.     

Heterogeneous nucleation for synthesis of sub-20 nm ZnO nanopods and their application to optical humidity sensing

We present a novel method for colloidal synthesis of one-dimensional ZnO nanopods by heterogeneous nucleation on zero-dimensional ZnO nanoparticle ‘seeds’. Ultra-small ZnO nanopods, multi-legged structures with sub-20 nm individual leg diameters, can be synthesized by hydrolysis of a Zn2+ precursor growth solution in presence of ∼4 nm ZnO seeds under hydrothermal conditions via microwave-assisted heating in as little as 20 min of reaction time. One-dimensional ZnO nanorods are initially generated in the reaction mixture by heterogeneous nucleation and growth along the [0001] direction of the ZnO crystal. Growth of one-dimensional nanorods subsequently yields to an ‘attachment’ and size-focusing phase where individual nanorods fuse together to form multi-legged nanopods having diameters ∼15 nm. ZnO nanopods exhibit broad orange-red defect-related photoluminescence in addition to a near-band edge emission at 373 nm when excited above the band-gap at 350 nm. The defect-related photoluminescence of the ZnO nanopods has been applied towards reversible optical humidity sensing at room temperature. The sensors demonstrated a linear response between 22% and 70% relative humidity with a 0.4% increase in optical intensity per % change in relative humidity. Due to their ultra-small dimensions, ZnO nanopods exhibit a large dynamic range and enhanced sensitivity to changes in ambient humidity, thus showcasing their ability as a platform for optical environmental sensing.     

铁-谷氨酸-硅钨酸三元配合物作为高活性非均相类Fenton催化剂降解4-氯酚

Fenton氧化法通过Fe2+离子催化分解H2O2产生羟基自由基,能够氧化降解绝大多数有机污染物.但是传统的均相Fenton氧化法使用高浓度二价铁盐作为催化剂,催化剂不便于回收利用,而且还会引发新的环境问题.另外,均相Fenton氧化法通常需要在pH约为3的酸性条件下进行,在较高pH条件下,有机物氧化降解速率降低,同时铁盐水解产生铁泥.文献报道了一些含铁固体材料作为非均相类Fenton催化剂,能够解决催化剂回收和重复利用问题,但是许多固体催化剂仍然只在酸性条件下表现出较高催化活性.多金属氧簇是除过渡金属氧化物之外的一类光催化剂.近年来,多金属氧簇在Fenton氧化过程中的应用开始受到关注.可以预计,含铁的多金属氧簇固体化合物有可能同时具有类Fenton催化活性和光催化活性.本文以三价铁盐(FeI I)、谷氨酸(Glu)和硅钨酸(SiW)为原料在水溶液中合成了一种不溶性的三元固体配合物FeШGluSiW,并用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、热重分析(TG)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)对FeШGluSiW进行了表征.根据ICP-AES, TG和FT-IR结果推断, FeШGluSiW可能的化学组成为[Fe(C5H8NO4)(H2O)]2SiW12O40·13H2O,其中含有铁、谷氨酸根单元和Keggin结构的SiW12O404?阴离子. FE-SEM和XRD测试结果表明, FeШGluSiW是由结晶度较低、尺寸为100–200 nm的无规则颗粒组成,并含有无定形相.通过考察在自然初始pH 6.5条件下100 mg/L 4-氯酚(4-CP)在FeШGluSiW(1.0 g/L)/H2O2(20 mmol/L)体系中的氧化降解反应,我们发现在暗态和光照条件下,4-CP完全降解所需时间分别为40和15 min,延长反应时间至2 h,总有机碳(TOC)去除率分别达到27%和72%.结果表明, FeШGluSiW具有很高的催化活性,而且在光照条件下活性更高.进一步研究发现, FeШGluSiW在pH 3–6.5范围内均表现出高的催化活性,而且在酸性条件下活性更高.用ICP-AES测定Fe元素在溶液中的析出量,证实4-CP氧化降解主要发生在固体催化剂表面.在反应体系中加入正丁醇能显著抑制4-CP降解,说明4-CP降解反应涉及羟基自由基的氧化作用.在光照反应条件下,催化剂颜色明显变深,表明光照条件下的反应机理涉及催化剂中SiW12O404?阴离子的还原.考虑到催化剂中含有谷氨酸根和SiW12O404?杂多阴离子,推测H2O2有可能通过氢键吸附于催化剂表面,这可能是FeШGluSiW表现出高催化活性的重要原因.结合文献报道的含铁固体材料类Fenton催化机理和多金属氧簇光催化机理,可以很好地解释4-CP降解反应实验结果.在暗态条件下, FeШGluSiW的催化机理归因于催化剂表面FeII的氧化还原循环FeII?FeI,即H2O2分子在催化剂表面分解产生羟基自由基,从而导致4-CP氧化;而在光照条件下,除了催化剂中FeI I的类Fenton催化作用之外,催化剂中SiW12O404?杂多阴离子的光催化作用同时发生,导致4-CP降解速率加快.在光催化过程中,4-CP可以被激发态SiW12O404?直接氧化,也可以被激发态SiW12O404?与H2O相互作用产生的羟基自由基氧化.被还原的杂多阴离子可以被O2氧化,也可以被H2O2氧化,因而H2O2的存在也促进了FeШGluSiW的光催化作用.     

CeO2/TiO2光催化剂的制备及其可见光脱氮性能

采用溶胶-凝胶和浸渍掺杂两步法合成了CeO₂/TiO₂光催化剂,并对催化剂的理化结构进行表征分析;以吡啶-正辛烷体系为模拟油品氮源,研究了该催化剂在可见光作用下的光催化脱氮行为,并探究了光催化脱氮的最佳反应条件。 结果表明,掺杂的铈主要以CeO₂的形式存在,且增强了催化剂在可见光区的吸收;在可见光辐照150 min的条件下,铈的掺杂量质量分数为8%,所制备的CeO₂/TiO₂催化剂投入量为1.0 g/L时,模拟油品中吡啶的脱氮率高达76.45%。     

Comparative study of chemically immobilized and conventional homogeneous ionic liquids as phase-transfer catalysts for the N-alkylation of heterocyclic compounds

Various ionic liquids (ILs) were screened for their phase-transfer catalytic (PTC) activity using the N-alkylation of nitrogen heterocycles as the model reaction. Immobilized ILs behaved extremely well and proved to be far better catalysts than conventional homogeneous PTCs in terms of their stability, easy recovery, and reusability. The investigation also demonstrated that quaternary tetraalkylammonium salts offer very high catalytic activity, whereas aromatic heterocyclic tetravalent nitrogen catalysts (imidazolium- and pyridinium-based salts) were poorly active.     

Reusable thin film photocatalyst of Fe‐doped TiO2 deposited by ECR plasma

The paper presents an improved method of depositing nanocrystalline thin films of Fe‐doped TiO₂ to be used as a reusable cyclic photocatalyst for degrading the organic pollutants. The technique of electron cyclotron resonance plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition was employed with titanium tetra‐isopropoxide (C₁₂H₂₈O₄Ti) and ferrocene (C₁₀H₁₀Fe) as precursors of Ti and Fe, respectively. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to identify the reactive species, to determine the electron temperature and the ion density during deposition. The films were characterized using optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra, whereas the morphological analysis was carried out with scanning electron microscopy. Strong adhesion of the deposited films with the substrate ruled out any possibility of TiO₂ particles being leached out. It was confirmed by observing the degradation rate of the same film repeatedly. Cyclic use of the film for the catalytic reactions thus makes the process much user friendly for the water treatment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.