转型期河南省农村社会风险及防控对策分析

转型期河南省农村的社会风险主要包括农民的人身风险、农村民间专业合作经济组织发展受限、农村剩余劳动力转移问题突出和农村文化风险。为有效防范和化解社会风险,构建和谐中原,必须培育农民的风险意识,加快农村社会保障制度建设,培育发展农村新型合作经济组织,建立和完善农村劳动力转移就业防范风险的政策制度,推进农村文化建设。     

海上溢油事件防范与应急管理绩效考核和奖惩机制的研究

近年来,海上溢油事件频发,合理的海上溢油事件应急管理绩效考核与奖惩机制有利于海上溢油事件的防范和应对。本文对海上溢油事件应急管理绩效考核与奖惩机制进行研究。首先,分析了海上溢油事件防范与应对的责任主体。然后,探讨了海上溢油事件防范责任主体的绩效考核和奖惩机制。海上溢油事件防范责任主体可以分为设施建设责任主体和管理操作责任主体,设施建设责任主体的绩效考核和奖惩,根据设施建设达标情况以及溢油事件造成的损失情况,分成四种类型;管理操作责任主体的绩效考核和奖惩,根据溢油事件严重程度和人为过错程度,也可以分为四种类型。接着,探讨了海上溢油事件应急管理责任主体的绩效考核和奖惩机制,采取过程评价与结果评价相结合的方式,分成四种类型。最后,探讨了海上溢油事件防范与应急管理责任归属于同一部门的绩效考核与奖惩机制。     

基于SSM的河南区域产业结构效益与竞争力分析

以河南省为例,运用区域经济学中偏离-份额分析法提取各地市在产业结构效益与竞争力方面的优势、劣势信息及数量关系,对各地市的产业结构相对优势、劣势及其对经济增长的绩效进行对比分析,提出了各地区积极有效地调整产业结构、缩小区域发展差距、推动河南经济协调发展的对策和建议.     

不同种类岩石的太赫兹光谱特征研究

准确认识不同种类的岩石特征对地质构造、结构与年代的判断至关重要。常规光学显微手段虽然可以对岩石的颜色与表面形貌进行直接观测,但是对岩石种类的判断往往凭靠经验,一些颜色相近的矿物容易混淆,所得结果并不准确。光谱方法能够在不同频段给出样品的多个光学参数信息,通过建立光学参数与样品自身物性的联系,可以从多个维度确定样品的性质,从而有望实现对不同矿物成分与含量定性、定量评价。太赫兹光谱具备一定的穿透能力,能够透过一定厚度的岩石,是研究岩石物理性质的合理手段。基于太赫兹光谱技术,对取自不同地区的花岗岩、灰岩、砂岩和油页岩样品进行测试,分别计算得到每个样品的等效折射率n、衰减系数a,并以a为横坐标、n为纵坐标作图,结果表明,相同岩性岩石的n与a基本呈线性相关关系,而对于不同类型的岩石,其n随a的线性变化趋势存在明显区别。进而研究了岩石中的组成、结构等信息与其太赫兹光谱响应的联系,分析了不同岩性岩石的光谱响应机制,结果表明：花岗岩与灰岩的结构较为致密,其矿物组成是影响太赫兹光谱响应的主要因素,利用太赫兹参数能够估算岩石中铁、镁元素的相对含量;砂岩的成分较为单一,太赫兹光谱响应受孔隙度的影响;而对于油页岩来说,由于有机质具有强吸收、低折射率的特点,其有机质含量越高,折射率越低,对太赫兹吸收越强。结果表明,太赫兹光谱技术有望成为岩石物理性质现有研究手段的合理补充,为其评价、分析提供新技术、新指标,有着极其光明的应用前景。     

Field-compensated birefringent Fourier transform spectrometer

A field-compensation method applied for Savart birefringent Fourier transform spectrometer is presented. By using a combination of Savart plates fabricated from positive and negative birefringent materials, the useful solid angle of field of view can be increased by a large amount in broad spectral coverage. Compared to the conventional Fourier transform spectrometers, the compensated field angle has optical throughput higher by one order in magnitude. To demonstrate the effectiveness, a design example operating at 400-1100 nm with a large solid angle exceeding ± 40° is presented in detail.     

Field correlations of flat-topped Gaussian and annular beams in turbulence

Starting from the second order moment formulation for multi-beam incidence, field correlations at the receiver plane of flat-topped Gaussian and annular beams are found in turbulence. Reflecting the information on both the randomness due to turbulence and the field profile of the incident field, field correlations of the flat-topped Gaussian beams are found to become larger at larger source size, smaller flatness parameters and smaller turbulence strengths. For the annular beam structures, field correlations are larger for thicker beams. Field correlations of larger primary beam sized annular incidences are smaller at smaller diagonal distances and larger at larger diagonal distances. As expected, annular beam field correlations are found to be larger at smaller structure constants and at smaller wavelengths. However, at large link lengths, field correlations could be larger than at smaller link lengths due to fact that for annular beams, the field at the centre of the receiver attains very small value at smaller link lengths, however, on propagation in turbulence, receiver field distribution changes to a Gaussian profile.     

Enhanced field emission characteristics of boron doped diamond films grown by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition

Boron doped diamond films were synthesized on silicon substrates by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) technique. The effect of B₂O₃ concentration varied from 1000 to 5000 ppm on the field emission characteristics was examined. The surface morphology and quality of films were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface morphology obtained by SEM showed variation from facetted microcrystal covered with nanometric grains to cauliflower of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) particles with increasing B₂O₃ concentration. The Raman spectra confirm the formation of NCD films. The field emission properties of NCD films were observed to improve upon increasing boron concentration. The values of the onset field and threshold field are observed to be as low as 0.36 and 0.08 V/μm, respectively. The field emission current stability investigated at the preset value of ∼1 μA is observed to be good, in each case. The enhanced field emission properties are attributed to the better electrical conductivity coupled with the nanometric features of the diamond films.     

Computational evaluation of mass filter acceptance and transmittance influenced by developing fields: An application of the plane method to investigate prefilter efficacy for rectangular wave operated mass filters

The acceptance of quadrupole mass filters is improved when the alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) fields are developed separately. Physically, this is achieved when a short RF only quadrupole (prefilter) is situated directly ahead of the mass filter. The acceptance gained by a system operating with a prefilter can be observed as an increase in sensitivity over conventional operation. Frequency dynamic duty cycle based rectangular waveform driven (rectangular wave) mass filters, a recent development, currently do not operate with prefilters. Little is known about the influence of duty cycle changes on the acceptance of rectangular wave mass filters. The sensitivity gain seen by conventional systems operating with prefilters indicates that the sensitivity of duty cycle based rectangular wave systems should increase comparably. The objective of this work was to determine prefilter efficacy for nonspecific rectangular wave mass filter systems. In this work, the plane method of acceptance was used to model the change to the acceptance and transmittance of sine and rectangular waveform driven mass filters under different modes of field development. Both systems indicated a fourfold increase in sensitivity when the mass filtering DC or duty cycle was delayed.     

Comparison of expander and Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop DIC technologies as thermomechanical pretreatments in enhancing solvent extraction of vegetal soybean oil

As an intensification process of the unit operation of vegetable oil extraction, the cooking pre-treatment systematically results in damaging thermal degradations. However, recently, two thermomechanical expansion processes have been suggested and applied at industrial scales to pre-treat oilseeds: expansion and instant controlled pressure drop DIC. In both cases, it is a flash transformation from high-temperature/high-pressure to 100 °C/atmospheric pressure and 33 °C/vacuum phases, respectively. The use of DIC resulted in cumulative impact yields of 247 mg oil/g db, compared to 210, 230, and 224 for cracking, cracking/blocking, and expanding, respectively. To achieve the same yields obtained in 160 min for cracked or cracked/flaked soybean, the expander took 120 min against 35 min for DIC. Besides, thanks to the short heat treatment and the induced instant cooling, DIC allowed the highest preservation of soybean oil quality, with fatty acid concentrations almost identical to that of untreated seeds.Practical impactsIn the sector of the vegetal oil industry, researchers and engineers mostly look for increasing the extraction yields while preserving or improving the sensorial and biochemical quality of the oil. Henceforth, the modification of the oleaginous seed texture may usually be the major factor affecting and normally enhancing the capacity of extraction. Based on the improvement of material structure through adequate expansion, the higher the volume of vapor issued from the autovaporization throughout the instant controlled pressure-drop (DIC) technology, the higher the oil yields. Moreover, using the instantaneous thermodynamic theory, the feasibility of integrating DIC technology as an HTST treatment in the industrial-scale soybean extraction process could be performed and optimized without any biochemical degradation.     

Comparative study of transition metal-doped calcined Malaysian dolomite catalysts for WCO deoxygenation reaction

In the present work, nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe) are tested as catalyst dopants on Malaysian dolomite calcined at T = 900 °C (CMD900). The physicochemical properties of all synthesised catalyst are investigated by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide and scanning emission microscopy. The synthesised catalysts are tested on the basis of the deoxygenation (DO) reaction of waste cooking oil to produce liquid fuels under N₂ atmosphere. The chemical composition of the liquid product is identified by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The overall study suggests that Ni/CMD900 catalyst exhibits the highest performance with over 67.0% conversion and high selectivity (80.2%) with a high proportion of saturated linear hydrocarbons that corresponds to green diesel. Result indicates that Ni/CMD900 is a highly potential DO catalyst with 19.8% oxygenated compound, which is favourable for decarboxylation and/or decarboxylation predominates.