生命物理学研究的新突破

简要介绍了生命科学研究的新突破,包括人类嗅觉谜团被解开,激活自愈机能治疗肝炎,运用基因重组或剔除基因治疗癌症获重大进展等.     

从结构电算谈设计概念

使用计算机进行结构设计虽然能大大减轻计算工作量，但不能取代人的设计概念，只有在设计人员具备较全面的设计概念；有一定设计经验；同时深入了解程度的情况下，才能确保工程设计的质量。     

Monte Carlo simulation of grain growth in polycrystalline materials

Understanding the kinetics of grain growth, under the influence of second phase (such as impurities, voids and bubbles) is fundamental to advances in the control of microstructural evolution. As a precursor to this objective, we have investigated the grain growth kinetics in a polycrystalline material using a standard Q-state Potts’ model under Monte Carlo settings. Based on physical reasoning, new modifications are suggested to circumvent some of the disadvantages in the basic Potts model. The efficacy of these modifications vis-à-vis the basic model is verified. The influence of second phase particles on the impurity loaded grain boundaries is investigated for the study of grain growth kinetics.     

Surface characterization and barrier properties of plasma‐modified polyethersulfone/layered silicate nanocomposites

This study describes the preparation of polyethersulfone (PES)/layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs) by mixing PES polymer chain into organically‐modified layered silicate in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) solution. Both X‐ray diffraction data and transmission electron microscopy images of PLSNs indicate that the silicate layers were almost exfoliated and randomly distributed into the PES matrix. The mechanical and barrier properties of PLSNs show remarkable enhancement in the storage modulus and water/oxygen permeability when compared with that of neat PES matrix. Surfaces modification of PES and PLSN films with various treated times, system pressures, and radio frequency (RF) powers were performed using a mixture of oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂) plasmas. The topographical and physical properties of plasma‐modified PES and PLSN surfaces were investigated using scanning probe microscopy (SPM), contact‐angle measurements, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These results indicate that the surface roughness of PLSNs with the same condition of plasma modification is lower than that of neat PES matrix and is probably due to the increase of stiffness with the presence of inorganic layered silicates in PES matrix. The surface properties of the PES and PLSNs are also changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The XPS spectra suggest that the exposure of the PES and PLSNs to the plasmas led to the combination of etching reactions of polymer surface initiated by plasma and the following addition reactions of new oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐containing functional groups onto polymer surfaces to change their surface properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3185–3194, 2006     

Establishment of hybrid-derived offspring populations in the Ohomopterus ground beetles through unidirectional hybridization

An approach to deduce the mechanism of stabilization of the hybrid-derived populations in the Ohomopterus ground beetles has been made by comparative studies on the phylogenetic trees of the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. A phylogenetic tree based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal gene roughly reflects the relations of morphological species group, while mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene shows a considerable different topology on the tree; there exist several geographically-linked lineages, most of which consist of more than one species. These results suggest that the replacement of mitochondria has occurred widely in the Ohomopterus species. In most cases, hybridization is unidirectional, i.e., the species A (♂) hybridized with another species B (♀) and not vice versa, with accompanied replacement of mitochondria of A by those of B. The results also suggest that partial or complete occupation of the distribution territory by a hybrid-derived morphological species. The morphological appearance of the resultant hybrid-derivatives are recognized as that of the original species A. Emergence of a morphological new species from a hybrid-derived population has been exemplified.     

水稻苯达松敏感致死基因的RAPD标记的克隆及测序

用3S Spin DNA Agarose Gel Purification Kit试剂盒将与水稻苯达松敏感致死基因相连锁的RAPD遗传标记S20—420和S316—600回收纯化，连接于pGEM—T载体并克隆测序，得到了S20—420和S316—600的全序列，其长度分别为423bp、606bp．将两端序列设计特异PCR扩增引物可用于检测水稻苯达松敏感致死基因和标记辅助育种．     

大型径向和推力滑动轴承试验台结构设计与应用

对径向滑动轴承、推力滑动轴承试验台以及实验台的结构设计、试验范围、功能和工业产品实验进行了介绍。该试验台在滑动轴承的实验研究中得到了很好的应用。     

Studies on solution cast perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid ionomers

The thermal properties of perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid ionomer films cast from solution and their temperature-dependent far infrared spectra have been investigated. In addition to the endotherms and spectral changes associated with the loss of solvent as the films were heated, a significant exotherm has been observed and assigned to the relaxation associated with rearrangements resulting in partially crystallized phases in insoluble thermally treated membranes. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

An evolutionary method for optimization of plate buckling resistance

Optimization of plate buckling resistance is very complicated, because the in-plane stress resultants in the prebuckled state of a plate are functions of thickness distribution. This paper discusses the problem of finding the optimum thickness distribution of isotropic plate structures, with a given volume and layout, that would maximise the buckling load. A simple numerical method using the finite-element analysis is presented to obtain the optimum thickness distribution. Optimum designs of compression-loaded rectangular plates with different boundary conditions and plate aspect ratios are obtained by using the proposed method. Optimum designs from earlier studies and the methods of buckling analysis used to attain these results are discussed and compared with the designs from the proposed method. This paper also examines the reliability of the optimality criterion generally used for plate buckling optimization, which is based on the uniform strain energy density.