Role of Natural Compounds and Target Enzymes in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological condition. The rising prevalence of AD necessitates the rapid development of efficient therapy options. Despite substantial study, only a few medications are capable of delaying the disease. Several substances with pharmacological activity, derived from plants, have been shown to have positive benefits for the treatment of AD by targeting various enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), β-secretase, γ-secretase, and monoamine oxidases (MAOs), which are discussed as potential targets. Medicinal plants have already contributed a number of lead molecules to medicine development, with many of them currently undergoing clinical trials. A variety of medicinal plants have been shown to diminish the degenerative symptoms associated with AD, either in their raw form or as isolated compounds. The aim of this review was to provide a brief summary of AD and its current therapies, followed by a discussion of the natural compounds examined as therapeutic agents and the processes underlying the positive effects, particularly the management of AD.     

晶面指数必互质

通过平面方程证明了晶面指数必无公因子.     

The Relationship between Procyanidin Structure and Their Protective Effect in a Parkinson’s Disease Model

This study evaluated the effect of grape seed-derived monomer, dimeric, and trimeric procyanidins on rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) cells and in a zebrafish Parkinson’s disease (PD) model. PC12 cells were cultured with grape seed-derived procyanidins or deprenyl for 24 h and then exposed to 1.5 mm 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) for 24 h. Zebrafish larvae (AB strain) 3 days post-fertilization were incubated with deprenyl or grape seed-derived procyanidins in 400 µM 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 4 days. The results showed that the procyanidin dimers procyanidin B1 (B1), procyanidin B2 (B2), procyanidin B3 (B3), procyanidin B4 (B4), procyanidin B1-3-O-gallate (B1-G), procyanidin B2-3-O-gallate (B2-G), and the procyanidin trimer procyanidin C1 (C1) had a protective effect on PC12 cells, decreasing the damaged dopaminergic neurons and motor impairment in zebrafish. In PC12 cells and the zebrafish PD model, procyanidin (B1, B2, B3, B4, B1-G, B2-G, C1) treatment decreased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and upregulated the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). These results suggest that in PC12 cells and the zebrafish PD model, the neuroprotective effects of the procyanidins were positively correlated with their degree of polymerization.     

空间分数阶Edwards-Wilkinson方程的数值研究

为了探讨空间分数阶随机生长模型的动力学标度行为,利用Grümwald-Letnikov分数阶导数定义方法求解空间分数阶Edwards-Wilkinson（SFEW）方程在1＋1维情况下的数值解,得到了在不同分数阶导数值时的生长指数、粗糙度指数、动力学指数和局域粗糙度指数,这些结果与标度分析得到的结果是一致的。研究结果表明SFEW模型没有出现奇异动力学行为,仍然遵守Family-Vicsek正常标度规律。同时结果也显示,非局域相互作用对SFEW方程的动力学标度行为有着显著的影响。     

关于Riccati方程的可积条件研究的再讨论

目的补充R iccati方程的可积条件。方法等式的等价变换。结果完善了R iccati方程的可积条件。结论得到可积R iccati方程的判断方法。     

指数Diophantine方程pa-pb-pc=z2

设p是奇素数。本文给出了方程pa-pb-pc=z2的全部非负整数解(a,b,c,z)。     

关于Diophantine方程(xm+1)(xn-1)=y2

设N是全体正整数的集合,证明了：方程(X^m 1)(X^n-1)=y^2 x,y,m,n∈N，X＞1仅有正整数解(X，y,m,n)=(2，3，3，1)。     

一类高阶中立型微分方程解的振动性

讨论了一类具有连续偏差变元的高阶中立型微分方程,运用分析方法和技巧,得到了该类方程解的振动准则,所得结果推广了部分已知的结论.     

关于不定方程x3±8=35y2

利用同余式、递归序列的方法证明了不定方程x3 8=35y2仅有整数解(x,y)=(-2,0),(3±1);x3-8=35y2仅有整数解(x,y)=(2,0).