Hardness evaluation of cured urea–formaldehyde resins with different formaldehyde/urea mole ratios using nanoindentation method

To understand the influence of formaldehyde/urea (F/U) mole ratio on the properties of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins, this study investigated hardness of cured UF resins with different F/U mole ratios using a nanoindentation method. The traditional Brinell hardness (H_B) method was also used for comparison. The H_B of cured UF resin films with different F/U mole ratios was determined after exposing the films to different post-curing temperatures. The nanoindentation method was employed for these films to measure Meyer hardness (H_M) and reduced modulus (E_r) which have been used to calculate the elastic modulus (E_s) of cured UF resins. As the F/U mole ratio decreased, the H_B decreased continuously, indicating a less rigid network structure in low F/U mole ratio UF resins. The higher the post-curing temperature, the greater the value of H_B. The H_M value also showed a similar trend as a function of F/U mole ratio. However, the E_r and E_s did not show a consistent trend as exhibited by H_M and H_B. Both H_M and E_r showed much greater variation in the coefficient of variation (COV) at lower F/U mole ratios 1.0 and 1.2, indicating a more heterogeneous composition of these resins. Linear relationships between H_M and E_r indicate that heterogeneity of the surface composition of samples contributes greatly to variations in the measured values. This variability is discussed in terms of crystal structures present in the cured UF resins of low F/U mole ratios.     

Fluorescence Studies of Solubilization and Dye Binding in Hypercoiled Poly(methacrylic Acid): A Connected Cluster Model

The compact conformation of poly(methacrylic acid) which is observed in the unneutralized polymer has been studied using the fluorescence probes 9-methyl anthracene and Rhodamine B. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements have been made. The results show that this conformation contains a number of binding sites which have molecular weights in the range 9,000–10,000 and which can rotate independently of the remainder of the chain.     

A displacement sensing nanoindentation study of tribo-mechanical properties of the Ni-Co system

An analysis of the tribo-mechanical properties of the Ni-Co system, at the submicrometric contact scale, is conducted using displacement sensing nanoindentation. In particular, the influence of contact depth and surface finishing methods on the hardness, H, and Young's modulus, E, of the materials is analysed. Mechanically and electrolitically polished samples were tested with a conospherical indenter using a range of loads between 0.05 and 10 mN. It is shown that the hardness of these materials depends on the surface finishing method and increases with decreasing contact depth, while the Young's modulus is relatively insensitive to contact depth. Furthermore, sample polycrystallinity leads to a large scattering of hardness values in Co-rich samples and of Young's modulus values in Ni-rich ones. The combined parametric ratio H/E, which can be related to the tribological behaviour of the material, was found to be higher in samples with Co content larger than 80 wt.%.     

基于二维相关光谱的壶瓶枣室温贮藏硬度动力学模型研究

为了实现鲜枣常温贮藏期的硬度实时监测并对贮藏时间进行预测,建立了室温下壶瓶枣贮藏期的近红外光谱硬度动力学模型。基于二维相关光谱技术,分析综合浓度影响下的壶瓶枣敏感波段,优选的敏感波段为904,980,1 072,1 200,1 630,1 941和2 215 nm。分析不同贮藏天数的壶瓶枣果肉平均硬度,并拟合出零级反应方程,模型的相关系数为0.991 3,标准误差为6.116×10-4。鲜枣的贮藏过程中,由于复杂的生理化学反应,主要物质的含量发生变化,并通过宏观的信息光谱特征和硬度得以体现。将敏感波段下的光谱信息和贮藏期的硬度指标进行信息耦合,建立壶瓶枣果肉硬度的偏最小二乘模型(partial least square, PLS),模型的预测精度R_P为0.942 7,RMSEP为0.021 0。进而以敏感波段的吸光度为自变量,壶瓶枣果肉硬度指标为应变量,进行多元回归定量分析,建立近红外光谱硬度动力学模型,模型的拟合优度即相关系数为0.983 9,标准误差为0.024 9,并在此基础上建立壶瓶枣贮藏时间与近红外光谱的线性回归关系。研究表明,基于二维相关光谱的硬度动力学模型可以实现对壶瓶枣果肉硬度指标的快速、无损检测并实现其贮藏时间的预测。     

热处理对Ni-P基镀层耐高温腐蚀磨损性的影响

Ni P化学镀层经过热处理后 ,镀层硬度、耐蚀性、耐磨性得到提高。在Ni P化学镀的基础上 ,加入元素Co和SiC微粒 ,形成Ni Co P SiC复合镀层 ,经过 10 0～ 6 0 0℃回火后 ,与Ni P镀层相比 ,复合镀层表现出高硬度、高温耐磨性变化趋势小的特点 ,尤其经过 30 0℃回火后 ,复合镀层表现出最佳的耐高温腐蚀磨损性     

纳米压痕条件下MgB2超导块材的压入力学行为研究

本文采用纳米压痕技术对固相烧结法制备的 MgB2 超导块材进行压入力学实验, 对不同压深的载荷-位移曲线和纳米压痕数据的再现性进行了分析, 实验数据使用 Oliver-Pharr 方法计算得出 MgB2 的硬度值, 借助经验方程拟合纳米压痕蠕变曲线求得蠕变速率敏感指数(m ) . 结果表明, 微观结构不均匀性会对材料在压头压入过程中抵抗外力作用时产生影响, 使压痕数据再现性变差; MgB2 的硬度表现出尺寸效应, 即随着压入深度的增加硬度逐渐下降;m 值随压入深度增加而增加是位错滑移速度加快的结果.     

基于纳米压痕技术的炭黑/聚丙烯复合材料力学性能研究

利用纳米压痕技术对炭黑填充聚丙烯基(CB/PP)复合材料的弹性模量、硬度及蠕变行为等力学性能进行了实验研究。结果表明,炭黑颗粒对CB/PP复合材料具有强化作用,随着炭黑含量的增加,复合材料的弹性模量和硬度增加。实验得出了纯PP及CB/PP复合材料蠕变应力指数和蠕变特征松弛时间,结果表明炭黑含量的增加增大了复合材料的蠕变应力指数,并且提高了硬度和抗疲劳性能。同时炭黑含量增加,复合材料的蠕变特征松弛时间减小,表明炭黑颗粒有效阻碍了聚合物分子链的移动。     

Synthesis and structural characterization of copper nanoparticles doped activated carbon derived from coconut coir for drinking water purification

Modifying and functionalizing activated carbon using metal nanoparticles have received great scientific attention in recent decades as a method to improve its inherent properties. The synergistic effects between the dopant and the activated carbon could lead to advanced properties in the hybrid material compared to individual counterparts. In this study, copper-doped activated carbon from coconut coir (Cu-ACC) is synthesized by an in-situ reduction method. The successful doping of zerovalent copper nanoparticles (Cu np) into the activated carbon matrix was confirmed using several characterization techniques. Peaks related to zerovalent Cu np in the X-ray diffractogram confirmed the successful formation of zerovalent Cu np. The dopant-matrix interactions were confirmed through peak shifts in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and D and G band changes in the Raman spectrum of Cu-ACC. The Cu 2p band in XPS of the Cu-ACC showed a sharp doublet at 932.7 eV, confirming the presence of metallic Cu. As indicated in the TEM/SEM images, Cu np demonstrated a spherical morphology with an average diameter of 5 nm. It was further observed that the Cu-ACC nanohybrid material could remove fluoride (63%) and hardness (69%) in synthetic water. Cu-ACC further demonstrates an enhanced antimicrobial activity against three commonly found water pathogens; E. coli, S. typhi, and S. flexneri. The material is expected to be used in next-generation domestic water filters formulated as single-use sachet bags.