Spectroscopic approaches to the study of the interaction of aluminum with humic substances

Aluminum ion (Al³⁺) in the ‘free’ (aquo) state is becoming increasingly prevalent in environmental waters, especially fresh waters, as a consequence of acid rain and other environmental processes. As Al³⁺ ion is known to affect markedly a wide range of biological systems, and since the presence of Al³⁺ in humans has been linked to a number of human diseases, it is important to understand the speciation of Al³⁺ ion in natural waters. Since some of the most important complexation agents for Al³⁺ in both fresh and sea waters are members of the complex humic substances group, it is important to understand the manner in which Al³⁺ interacts with this class of molecules, especially since binding of Al³⁺ to these molecules can effectively increase the bioavailability of this toxic metal ion to biological systems. The objective of this review is to present the current state of our understanding of aqueous aluminum complexation with the most acidic members (and therefore the most likely candidates for serving as Al³⁺ complexing agents) of the humic substances group, the fulvic acids. Much of the current knowledge has been revealed by comprehensive fluorescence titration analyses. Some additional information has come from other experimental approaches, including infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and a variety of electrochemical approaches. In this review, we also report on the results of our recent fluorescence and IR spectroscopy survey of the interaction of metals from of all three Nieboer and Richardson categories of environmental metals (Class A, Class B and Intermediate Class) with the fulvic acid sub-group of the humic substances. This has proven helpful in understanding some of the unique spectral behaviors of the Al³⁺-fulvic acid complex vis-a-vis fulvic acid complexes with many other metal ions. The results of our fluorescence and IR experiments with the model compounds, such as salicylic and phthalic acids, have allowed confirmation of the important roles played by both salicylic acid-like sites and phthalic acid-like sites in the unique complexation of Al³⁺ to humic substances, and help to explain some of the observed spectroscopic changes associated with Al³⁺ ion complexation to humic material. From the current work, it seems clear that major sources of the deviation in spectral properties between Al³⁺ and many other metal ions (across all three Nieboer and Richardson categories) are the unusually high value of its charge density and relatively low propensity for involvement in covalent bonding interactions (i.e. a very high ionic index combined with a relatively low covalent index in the Nieboer and Richardson classification of environmental metals), as well as affinity for certain functional groups.     

Synthesis of linear and starlike polymers from poly(propylene glycol) methacrylate using controlled radical polymerization

The copper‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of poly(propylene glycol) methacrylate (PPGM) in solution to produce linear and starlike polymers is reported, using methylethyl ketone as the solvent and a temperature of 80 °C. The ATRP system used was efficient for polymerization of the functionalized monomer without protecting hydroxyl end groups of monomer. The polymerizations were consistent with “living” or controlled processes, as revealed by the linear evolution of molecular weight with conversion. Increasing the [M]₀:[I]₀ ratio resulted in increasing molecular weights, whereas the polydispersity indices remained low (M_w/M_n < 1.4) even at high conversion. Decreasing the [CuBr]₀:[I]₀ ratio resulted in lower conversions, slightly larger polydispersities, and decreased molecular weights, likely resulting from a lower initiation efficiency. Polymers were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR; molecular weights of polymers with low degrees of polymerization were estimated by end‐group analysis from ¹³C NMR spectra obtained using distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer and the gated decoupling techniques. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 334–343, 2002     

Microgravimetric Investigations of High-Temperature Superconductors

It has been confirmed that, in oxide superconductors, the superconducting transition temperature T_c depends strongly on the oxygen content and oxygen ordering. The microgravimetric method is very useful in the analysis of oxide superconductors, because it allows investigations in vacuum and controlled environments in classical applications: thermogravimetric analysis, kinetics and thermodynamics of reaction, determination of oxygen contents in redox reactions, investigations of the correlation of the deviation from stoichiometry and carrier concentration and also the combined measurement of mass and additional parameters, e.g. evolved gas analysis, etc. Selected papers are reviewed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Neck Formation on the Measurement of Dynamic Interfacial Tension in a Drop Volume Tensiometer

Dynamic interfacial tension values obtained by drop volume tensiometry will be affected under certain experimental conditions by the formation of a neck between the drop and the capillary tip. This phenomenon must be accounted for to obtain accurate values of interfacial tension. In this work, neck formation for a water–mineral oil system is studied under conditions where hydrodynamic effects can be neglected. A model originally developed for the determination of the surface tension of a suspended drop is modified for application to dynamic interfacial tensions of surfactant-containing liquids. The model relates apparent values of interfacial tension calculated from drops possessing necks to actual values. Experiments with Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants in a mineral oil–water system are used to test the validity of the developed model. For the small tip diameter used, good agreement is obtained for Span 80 up to the critical micelle concentration, and for low concentrations of SDS, when the surfactant adsorption is diffusion-limited. In both cases, the neck diameter of the growing drop can be considered constant over the range of dynamic interfacial tensions tested.     

A Thermochemical Study on Complex Nickel(Ⅱ) L-α-Histidine

IntroductionNickel is an essential trace biological element.L-α- Amino acids are the structural units of pro-teins.L- α- Histidine is one of the eight species ofamino acids which have to be absorbed from foodbecause they are not synthesized by organism.Thus,the investigation on the complexation ofnickel and L -α- histidine is of considerable practicaland fundamental importance.For the nickel com-plexes of amino acids,more extensive work hasbeen carried out[1— 3 ] . However,the thermochem…     

基于广义逆的受控机构优化

基于受控原动件的机械特性和受控机构二自由度的特点，建立精确实现多点轨迹受控机构的圆拟合优化模型．提出运用广义逆求解补偿运动位移的方法。     

济阳坳陷车西洼陷漫湖洪水—风暴沉积与砂体横向预测

渐新统沙二段是济阳坳陷车西地区的主力油层,为了弄清其油气分布和控制因素,综合利用大量的地质和地球物理资料,首次在该段识别出漫湖洪水—风暴重力流沉积.该沉积具有明显的重力流沉积特征,砂岩的成分和结构成熟度均较低,粒度概率图多由悬浮次总体组成,沉积序列可用Bouma序列来描述.在明确了砂体的沉积层位和沉积边界的基础上,描述了漫湖洪水—风暴的沉积特征并建立了沉积模式,系统分析了这个环境下储集性砂体的分布及其油气聚集特征,为车西洼陷的进一步勘探指明了方向.     

鄂尔多斯盆地侯北地区三叠系延长组长6储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地侯北地区三叠系延长组长6储集岩大部分为细粒长石砂岩,少数为细粒岩屑长石砂岩.孔隙度在10%～15%之间,渗透率在(0.1～1.0)×10-3μm2之间,以低孔、低渗、较强的非均质性为特点.长6沉积于三角洲前缘环境,水下分流河道中发育储集砂体.稳定的大地构造条件和沉积环境有利于大面积、较厚的砂体形成.方解石、浊沸石和绿泥石等自生矿物沉淀压实作用,大大降低了原始沉积物孔隙度,长石、中基性火山岩岩屑及浊沸石溶蚀作用产生了相当数量的粒内溶蚀孔和胶结物溶蚀孔.     

GH矿粉对粉煤灰混凝土的增强效果

通过成型胶砂试件和混凝土试件，对提高大掺量粉煤灰高性能混凝土早期强度的方法进行了试验研究．试验所用的GH矿粉是以炼铁厂的工业炉尘为基料、配以若干种具有互补性能的化工原料经特殊处理复合而成的混凝土掺和料，GH矿粉和粉煤灰的用量分别为胶凝材料总量的10％～15％和20％～60％．研究结果表明，用GH矿粉和Ⅱ级粉煤灰复合作为掺和料，可显提高大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的强度，尤其是早期强度，其增强效果甚至优于硅灰．用240kg／m^3 42．5级普通硅酸盐水泥、240kg／m^3 Ⅱ级粉煤灰和60kg／m^3 GH掺和料，配制出了28d强度为106MPa的高性能粉煤灰混凝土，并使混凝土成本显降低．     

矿物的荧光性

文章介绍了矿物发光机理的基本概念以及在生活上的应用，分析、研究了不同产地的同种天然萤石光致荧光光谱特性，给出天然萤石荧光机理。