Capillary gas chromatographic analysis of highly brominated fire retardant compounds

We report the development of a capillary gas chromatographic method, superior to existing packed column methods, for the analysis of highly brominated additive fire-retardants, including decabromodiphenyl ether (1) and decabromodiphenoxyethane (II). Neither compound has been analyzed previously by capillary GC, and there are no published methods for (II). For (I), the new method is 5–10 times faster than an analogous packed column method, and it has 100 times lower detection limits and twice the precision of a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. For (II), the capillary method is 30–50% faster than an unpublished liquid chromatographic method. The greater efficiency of the capillary method makes possible the complete resolution (R ≥ 1.25) of structurally very similar compounds (e.g. compound (II) and its Br₉Cl₁ and Br₈Cl₂ analogues). With the new method, commercial preparations of (I) and (II) can be rapidly analyzed, and samples from combustion and pyrolysis experiments can be evaluated for compositional changes.     

A study of the combustion and fire-retardance behaviour of unsaturated polyester/phenolic resin blends

The thermal degradation and combustion behaviour of an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure of unsaturated polyester UP resin and a resole type of phenolic resin was studied. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to monitor the degree of thermal decomposition for the UP/phenol IPN structure and the change of the oxygen index (OI) was used to describe the variation of the combustion behaviour. The smoke density was measured via a non-flaming process to detect the amount of smoke generated during the combustion. A homemade cone calorimetric dynamic flammability evaluation system was assembled to analyse the gas evolved and to measure the heat release rate (HRR) during the combustion. Under simulated conditions of a burning field at the temperature of 757°C, the variation of the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and the HRR of the UP/phenol IPN structure were studied. The results show that modification of the essentially flammable UP resin by the phenol structure to form an IPN system cannot only remarkably improve the heat resistance but also help to suppress the smoke, toxic gas and heat release during the combustion.     

谈新疆煤田火灾治理的一些技巧

新疆煤田火灾的治理取得了很大成就,但煤田灭火工程施工中的很多具体实用技巧却很少为人所知,本文着重阐述了煤田灭火工程施工中的一些实用技巧。     

EVA-layered double hydroxide (nano)composites: Mechanism of fire retardancy

Composites of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with two different layered double hydroxides have been obtained by melt blending and these have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, thermogravimetric analysis connected to mass spectroscopy and cone calorimetry. There is some small difference in dispersion between the zinc-containing and the magnesium-containing layered double hydroxides in EVA, but both these are microcomposites with good dispersion at the micrometer level and relatively poor dispersion at the nanometer level. There is a good reduction in the peak heat release rate at 10% LDH loading. In addition to chain stripping, which involves the simultaneous loss of both acetate and a hydrogen atom, forming acetic acid, and the formation of poly(ethylene-co-acetylene), side chain fragmentation of the acetate group also occurs and may be the dominant pathway of thermal degradation in the first step. The presence of the LDH causes acetone, rather than acetic acid, to be evolved in the initial step of the degradation.     

特大均压综放工作面停采回撤期间防灭火技术的研究与应用

针对平朔公司井工一矿9004工作面存在煤层厚度大、采空区遗煤多、采用均压通风、工作面设备多等问题,本文提出了工作面停采、工作面回撤以及采空区封闭后的主要防灭火技术措施。为了提高易燃厚煤层超长孤岛综放工作面在终呆和回撤期间的防火安全,根据煤自然发火防治理论和孤岛综放工作面自燃特点,提出了全工作面支架壁后铺设风筒布堵漏防灭...     

Experimental research on combustion dynamics of medium-scale fire whirl

The medium-scale fire whirl was extensively investigated by experimental means, in order to establish correlations of the burning rate, flame height and flame temperature of fire whirl, and to clarify the difference between fire whirls and general pool fires. Experimental observations and data confirmed that a free burning fire whirl is a highly stable burning phenomenon with large quasi-steady periods. Burning rates of fire whirls depend on pool diameter similarly to those of general pool fires; however the transition turbulent burning occurs sooner as the pool diameter increases. The lip height seems to have little effect on the burning rate of fire whirls. The correlation was proposed to couple the height of fire whirl to the fire release rate and ambient circulation. It correlates the data from both this work and the literature. Radial temperature profiles in the continuous region of the fire whirl were confirmed to be hump-type, implying the existence of fuel-rich inner core. The pool diameter and heat release rate do not significantly affect the radial temperature profiles in non-dimensional radial coordinates. It was found that the fire plume of fire whirl involves three distinct zones just like that of pool fire, but with different normalized ranges. Fire whirls maintain a higher ratio of continuous flame height to the overall flame height, and also higher maximum centerline excess temperature in continuous flame region, as compared to general pool fires. It was further demonstrated that the fire whirl plume at its origin behaves like a turbulent jet with moderate swirling, and then tends to become buoyancy dominated downstream, with slight swirling. With an increase in dimensionless height adjusted by the plume origin, the plume centerline excess temperature decays rapidly and approaches the theoretical value of −5/3 for free buoyancy plume.     

化工贮罐区安全评价的比较研究

应用ＤＯＷ火灾／爆炸指数法及ＩＣＩ／ＭＯＮＤ火灾／爆炸／毒性指数法，对大型化工贮罐进行了安全评价，得到化工大型贮罐都属于重大危害源。对评价方法进行了比较分析，指出两者属同一层次的初步安全评价，可用于危险源筛选。最后初步探讨了安全评价的理论原则。     

Opposed-flow flame spread in microgravity-theoretical prediction of spread rate and flammability map

The spread rate formulas of de Ris in the thermal regime of opposed-flow flame spread are inarguably the most well-known formulas in the flame spread literature. Similar easy-to-use formulas are lacking in all other regimes of flame spread. This paper presents a simplified analysis leading to the development of closed-form expressions for spread rate for both thin and thick fuels in the microgravity regime of opposed-flow flame spread. The resulting formulas, expressed in terms of the thermal limit of spread rate and a radiation number that can be evaluated from the known parameters of the problem, are shown to reproduce the experimentally and numerically observed trends quite well at both limits of fuel thickness. These formulas are utilized to develop quantitative criterion to delineate thin and thick fuels in the microgravity and thermal regimes. The transition between the microgravity and thermal regimes is also explored. The flammability maps, derived from the spread rate expressions, are the first of their kind, establishing fuel thickness as one of the critical parameters.     

常见建筑防火设计中存在的问题及解决方案分析

根据建筑设计规范，结合设计实践，分析了常见建筑防火设计中存在的几类问题，并提出了实际的解决方案。     

Fluorinated surfactants: synthesis, properties, effluent treatment

Fluorinated surfactants and synthetic fire fighting foams are presented. The fluorinated part of those surfactants can be obtained industrially either by electrofluorination or by telomerization. The fact that fluorine atoms are present in a surfactant molecule modifies its behaviour compared to classical surfactants. It gives to the molecule outstanding chemical and thermal stabilities. Fluorine also produces in these surfactants very low surface tension in aqueous solution even when used at reduced concentrations.For those reasons, it is shown that fluorinated surfactants are particularly adapted to the formulation of film forming fire fighting foams in which they are associated to classical hydrocarbon surfactants. Finally, a way of removing the mean components of a fire fighting foam from the waste water resulting from fire fighting training or a real application is presented.