Effect of fuel/air ratio and aromaticity on the molecular weight distribution of soot in premixed n-heptane flames

Soot growth from inception to mass-loading is studied in a wide range of molecular weights (MW) from 10⁵ to 10¹⁰u by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with on-line UV-visible spectroscopy. The evolution of MW distributions of soot is also numerically predicted by using a detailed kinetic model coupled with a discrete-sectional approach for the modeling of the gas-to-particle process. Two premixed flames burning n-heptane in slightly sooting and heavily sooting conditions are studied. The effect of aromatic addition to the fuel is studied by adding n-propylbenzene (10% by volume) to n-heptane in the heavily sooting condition. A progressive reduction of the MW distribution from multimodal to unimodal is observed along the flames testifying the occurrence of particle growth and agglomeration. These processes occur earlier in the aromatic-doped n-heptane flame due to the overriding role of benzene on soot formation which results in bigger young soot particles. Modeled MW distributions are in reasonable agreement with experimental data although the model predicts a slower coagulation process particularly in the slightly sooting n-heptane flame. Given the good agreement between model predictions and experiments, the model is used to explore the role of fuel chemistry on MW distributions. Two flames of n-heptane and n-heptane/n-propylbenzene in heavily sooting conditions with the same temperature profile and inert dilution are modeled. The formation of larger soot particles is still evident in the n-heptane/n-propylbenzene flame with respect to the n-heptane flame in the same operating conditions of temperature and dilution. In addition the model predicts a larger formation of molecular particles in the flame containing n-propylbenzene and shows that soot inception occurs in correspondence of their maximum formation thus indicating the importance of molecular growth in soot inception.     

概率法在岩性气藏储量风险评估中的应用

苏里格气田属于典型的致密岩性气藏,储层横向变化快、非均质性强,利用确定法难以客观评估储量风险。为此以气田X区为例,采用概率法开展储量风险评估研究,通过各变量的概率分布函数和多次随机模拟计算,定量评估气藏参数的不确定性和不同风险对应储量规模,结合单因素敏感性分析,明确气藏主要风险因素,优化地质模型计算的储量结果。研究表明,（1）概率法模拟计算的地质储量概率分布,提供了不同风险下的地质储量,有助于投资决策和开发方案制定;（2）参数变量的敏感性分析能确定影响各层储量结果的主要参数,对参数敏感性进行排序,估算变量变化区间对储量结果的影响,实现缩短储量评价周期和提高评价准确性;（3）地质模型储量与概率法的基准储量（P₅₀）进行对比,结合单因素敏感性分析,调整模型属性参数,优化后的X区各小层地质模型储量与基准储量的误差均在10%以内。概率法对岩性气藏给出不同风险下的储量规模,能客观评估储量风险,优化地质模型。     

昆明某医学院校大学生“三生教育”KAP现况调查

云南省已将"三生教育"作为一个有机的系统提出来,并在省内各级各类学校组织实施。本文通过对昆明医学院公共卫生学院大一、大二学生进行问卷调查,了解该学院学生对"三生教育"的知晓程度、态度和行为的情况,以及学生对目前开展方式的看法和建议,为昆明医学院今后开展相关教育的内容和形式提供依据。此次调查采用现场调查方法进行研究。全部资料采用EpiData双录入,SPSS统计软件包进行分析。在"三生教育"的开展带动下,学生对待生命、生存、生活的态度发生了转变,开始逐步实现"尊重生命、学会生存、积极生活"的目标。     

Pseudolocalized three-dimensional solitary waves as quasi-particles

A higher-order dispersive equation is introduced as a candidate for the governing equation of a field theory. A new class of solutions of the three-dimensional field equation are considered, which are not localized functions in the sense of the integrability of the square of the profile over an infinite domain. For this new class of solutions, the gradient and/or the Hessian/Laplacian are square integrable. In the linear limiting case, an analytical expression for the pseudolocalized solution is found and the method of variational approximation is applied to find the dynamics of the centers of the quasi-particles (QPs) corresponding to these solutions. A discrete Lagrangian can be derived due to the localization of the gradient and the Laplacian of the profile. The equations of motion of the QPs are derived from the discrete Lagrangian. The pseudomass (“wave mass”) of a QP is defined as well as the potential of interaction. The most important trait of the new QPs is that, at large distances, the force of attraction is proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the QPs. This can be considered analogous to the gravitational force in classical mechanics.     

中国氦冷固态TBM对ITER环向场线圈能量沉积的影响

基于国际热核实验堆(ITER)的Alite 模型和中国氦冷固态陶瓷试验包层模块 (CN HCCB TBM),对装载了CN HCCB TBM后ITER装置的环向场线圈(TFC)的能量沉积的分布和CN HCCB TBM对能量沉积的影响进行了计算分析。结果表明,放入CN HCCB TBM 会使TFC能量沉积减小了3%左右,不会使TFC能量沉积情况恶化;TFC能量沉积主要位于内侧的14个扇区,TFC包壳和超导材料的功率密度的最大值低于限值,满足要求。     

基于综合能源优化配置的增量配电网工程投资效益测算方法

在增量配电改革进一步放开的环境下,增量配电网工程的投资方向不仅是供电服务的基本建设投资,而且是终端服务模式的创新,为用户提供全面的综合能源增值服务。为实现综合能源与增量配电网协同优化规划,本文结合增量配电网发展新特点,基于全寿命周期法研究并建立了基于综合能源优化配置的增量配电网工程成本与收益测算数学模型,对具体增量配电网工程进行投资效益测算,并选取综合能源增值服务等关键因素进行敏感性分析。结果表明：合理优化配置多种能源,实现综合能源与增量配电协同规划,能够降低增量配电网运行投资成本。可见所建立投资效益模型可用于指导增量配电网工程投资,有利于多能源协同规划,促进综合能源增值服务的发展。     

运行3~12年10 kV交联聚乙烯电缆电及理化特性试验

为研究不同运行年限的交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘的电气和理化特性,抽取12只北京地区经过3～12年运行的10 kV交联聚乙烯电力电缆,利用静电计、差热扫描量热仪等仪器对其体积电阻率、介电常数、击穿场强、水树枝及相关理化指标等进行测试。试验结果表明:电缆绝缘性能下降初期,所有不同年限的电缆体积电阻率、相对介电常数、击穿场强、红外光谱等均在正常范围内,这些指标同运行年限关系不大,而运行10年以上的电缆介质损耗因数、熔点和结晶温度的数值明显变大。研究结果为供电企业选择评估电缆绝缘状态的方法提供实验依据和数据支撑。     

Travelling wave solutions for a quasilinear model of field dislocation mechanics

We consider an exact reduction of a model of Field Dislocation Mechanics to a scalar problem in one spatial dimension and investigate the existence of static and slow, rigidly moving single or collections of planar screw dislocation walls in this setting. Two classes of drag coefficient functions are considered, namely those with linear growth near the origin and those with constant or more generally sublinear growth there. A mathematical characterisation of all possible equilibria of these screw wall microstructures is given. We also prove the existence of travelling wave solutions for linear drag coefficient functions at low wave speeds and rule out the existence of nonconstant bounded travelling wave solutions for sublinear drag coefficients functions. It turns out that the appropriate concept of a solution in this scalar case is that of a viscosity solution. The governing equation in the static case is not proper and it is shown that no comparison principle holds. The findings indicate a short-range nature of the stress field of the individual dislocation walls, which indicates that the nonlinearity present in the model may have a stabilising effect. We predict idealised dislocation-free cells of almost arbitrary size interspersed with dipolar dislocation wall microstructures as admissible equilibria of our model, a feature in sharp contrast with predictions of the possible non-monotone equilibria of the corresponding Ginzburg-Landau phase field type gradient flow model.     

First-principles Study of Field Emissions from Natrium-Encapsulated Boron-Nitride Nanotube in a Perpendicular Geometry

The field emission from pure boron-nitride nanotube and boron-nitride nanotube encapsu-lated with natrium atoms with the electric field perpendicular to the axis of nanotubes is simulated based on a self-consistent method using the density-functional formalism. It has been found that the nearly-free-electron states in boron-nitride nanotube would perform very well in field emissions after natrium atom encapsulation. The characters of total en-ergy distribution curves are analyzed to seek the function of nearly-free-electron states in the field emission, with special attention to response of the emission current to the external electric field. At last, the perpendicular emission geometry is found to possess a very sensi-tive response degree which is supposed to be related to specific expansion orientation of the nearly-free-electron states in this system.     

大牛地气田气井临界携液模型及应用

在李闽临界携液流量公式的基础上,本文通过确定大牛地气田气井气液表面张力和曳力系数,修正了李闽公式的携液系数,得到了大牛地临界携液流量公式。通过现场生产情况对比分析,验证了公式的适用性。