煤与生物油的成浆性能研究

利用不同煤种的煤和生物油制备了不同浓度的生物油煤浆,考察了生物油煤浆的成浆浓度、表观黏度、流变特性和稳定性。结果表明,生物油煤浆是具有一定屈服应力的非牛顿流体,其流变特性可用宾汉姆方程来描述;生物油煤浆的屈服应力和表观黏度都随着固体浓度的增加而增大;随着剪切速率的增加,生物油煤浆的表观黏度减小;四种煤中,无烟煤的成浆浓度最高,可达42%,其含碳量高达49%,相当于同种煤制成的74%的水煤浆含量。烟煤次之,褐煤最低;生物油与煤粉之间能够形成絮凝性的大分子网络结构,使得生物油煤浆存在屈服应力并能够保持良好的静态稳定性,4.0~5.0 d天没有软沉淀产生,数月没有硬沉淀产生。     

Simultaneous determination of Cd,Cr, Cu,Ni, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge by slurry introduction ICP-OES method

In order to evaluate the slurry nebulisation method as an alternative method for analysis of sewage sludge, the metal content of sludge samples of different origins was determined. The concentrations of six elements: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by introducing the sludge as a slurry into an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Calibration was performed by using aqueous standard solutions. For comparison, the sewage sludge was also digested by microwave digestion and introduced into the plasma as an aqueous solution. The accuracy of the method was checked by analysing a sewage sludge certified reference material (CRM 007-040 Sewage Sludge). The Student's t-test showed that values obtained using slurry nebulisation were close to the certified values at a 95% confidence level. The values of elements Cd 11.1?±?0.8; Cr 37.7?±?3.3; Cu 563.3?±?38.4; Pb 119.2?±?10.1; Zn 729?±?68.2?mg?kg^?1 obtained using this method were comparable with those obtained using the conventional method. The slurry method can, therefore, be successfully applied to the determination of content of each element in sewage sludge with RSD less than 3%, without the need to predissolve them. This could avoid the use of hazardous chemicals, incomplete dissolution and loss of volatile analytes.     

煤的孔结构特征对水煤浆性质的影响

本文选用１７种不同变质程度的中国煤，详细研究了煤孔结构特征对煤浆性质的影响。发现煤孔体积通过影响煤在分散体系中的吸水性，从而影响煤之成浆性。但由于不同变质程度煤表面亲水性的显著差异，煤孔体积在影响煤成浆性的能力方面差别很大，这使得煤吸水性和浆体最高煤浓度与煤孔体积并不存在直接的相关性，而是取决于煤孔体积Ｖ和以煤－水接触角（θ）的余弦值表示的煤表面亲水性因子的乘积，即煤之有效孔体积：Ｖ×ｃｏｓ（θ／     

中国不同变质程度煤制备水煤浆的性质研究

在相同的制浆条件下,以中国煤种资源数据库为依据,考察了24种不同地区、不同变质程度煤制备成水煤浆的成浆性、流变性及静态稳定性。结果表明,山西阳泉、山东淄博石谷、河北下花园等煤种适宜制浆,这些煤的浆体质量分数均可达到66%以上,浆体呈假塑性流体,且煤浆产生软沉淀的静态稳定性均在15 d以上;山西潞安石圪节、安徽淮南、淮北石台等煤成浆性较好,稳定性在7 d左右,浆体呈胀塑性流体;山东枣庄八一、甘肃靖远红会、河南鹤壁等煤可达到较高的煤浆质量分数,浆体流变性及稳定性均较差,其他的煤则不适宜用于制备水煤浆。     

水泥浆胶凝期间套管柱受力和形变规律

套管柱注水泥结束后 ,由于水化热的作用使水泥浆在胶凝过程中产生升温现象 ,并随之失重。温度、压力的共同作用会使套管柱发生很大的形变。随着水泥的固化 ,这种形变也会被固结在水泥封固段内 ,影响其使用性能。在调研大量资料的基础上 ,利用数值计算方法得到了水泥胶凝过程中温度变化的动态数据。对某油田实测数据进行了统计分析 ,得出了水泥浆失重时的压力计算公式。根据有限元理论 ,推导出套管段长度与温度、压力、水泥及套管表面剪切应力之间的关系式。在此基础上 ,计算得到了水泥浆胶凝过程中套管的动态变化。     

旋转圆筒型平衡过滤中过滤助剂的促进作用机理

通过在难过生微晶土科液（ＭｉｃｒｏｃｙｓｔｉＳｌｕｒｒｙ）中添加适量的过滤助剂高岭土（ＫｏｒｅａｎＫａｏｌｉｎ），硅藻土（Ｄｉａｔｏｍｉｔｅ）和高分子凝集剂（Ｐｏｌｙａｃｒｙｔａｔｅ Ｓｏｄｌｉｕｍ）聚丙烯酸钠，在不同的操作条件下对精密平衡过滤的促进作用进行了探讨，研究结果表明添加过滤助剂和凝聚剂可以明显提高难过滤性料液的过滤速度。     

FCC催化剂钒污染及捕钒剂的研究

对一种工业ＦＣＣ催化剂进行处理后，制得载钒量在ｗｖ＝０．００１－０．０１之间的一组样品，并在７５０℃和１００％水蒸汽条件下逐个流化４ｈ，然后进行ＦＴＩＲ酸性表征和ＸＲＤ分析。实验结果表明Ｂ酸和Ｌ酸均随载钒量的增加而减少，在酸性位数目减少的过程中，酸的强弱比例基本不变；ＸＲＤ结果表明，随着载钒量的增加，样品的衍射峰强度几乎呈线性下降，在ｗｖ＝０．００５的载钒量条件下进行不同捕钒剂量的研究，发现捕钒剂     

Rheological Studies of Silica-Tragacanth Suspensions

Formation of a concentrated solid/liquid suspension, as an industrial intermediate, is often necessary in many industrial manufacturing processes, particularly for paints, paper coating, ceramics, catalysts, etc. Polysaccharides have been widely used for the control of the stability of suspensions. In this paper, various rheological parameters; such as viscosity—shear rate, shear stress—shear rate, storage and loss modulus frequency at various temperatures, and strain stress; have been measured for different compositions of silica powder in water with 0.3 wt% tragacanth gum as a phase stabilizer.     

Evaluation of alumina slurry dispersion by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation as a comparison to conventional dispersion evaluation methods

In this paper, we evaluated the particle dispersion degree of alumina slurry containing a dispersant by solvent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation and compared it with conventional dispersion evaluation methods such as viscosity, particle size, and sedimentation height measurements. The dispersion of slurry was evaluated via numerical analysis of the transverse relaxation time (T₂). The effect of the changes in different parameters of the experiment in terms of milling time, solid loading, and dispersant amount was investigated by NMR relaxation as well as conventional methods. The results of NMR relaxation measurements revealed that T₂ correlates well with other dispersion evaluation methods; thus, it is an efficient technique to evaluate the dispersion of alumina slurry, specifically, when studying the effect of the change in milling time and dispersion amount.     

CFD SIMULATION OF FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING IN DOWNER REACTORS

A mathematical model has been developed for the simulation of gas-particle flow and fluid catalytic cracking in downer reactors. The model takes into account both cracking reaction and flow behavior through a four-lump reaction kinetics coupled with two-phase turbulent flow. The prediction results show that the relatively large change of gas velocity affects directly the axial distribution of solids velocity and void fraction, which significantly interact with the chemical reaction. Furthermore, model simulations are carried out to determine the effects of such parameters on product yields, as bed diameter, reaction temperature and the ratio of catalyst to oil, which are helpful for optimizing the yields of desired products. The model equations are coded and solved on CFX4.4.