2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene – A Useful Starting Compound in the Synthesis of Modern Energetic Compounds

This review presents history, properties, and environmental fate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). Industrial methods of TNT production are discussed, as are several energetic derivatives of TNT. The performances and applications of these TNT derivatives are also described.     

Improved wood–kirkwood detonation chemical kinetics

We report an improved implementation of the Wood–Kirkwood kinetic detonation model based on a multi-species Buckingham exponential-6 equation of state (EOS) and multiple reaction rate laws. The exp-6 EOS allows for treatment of chemical systems at a statistical mechanics level, instead of an atomistic level. Finite global rate laws are used for the slowest chemical reactions. Other reactions are given infinite rates and are kept in constant thermodynamic equilibrium. The global rates do not necessarily correspond to a specific physical process, but rather to the sum total of slow physical processes. We model ideal and non-ideal composite energetic materials. We find that using the exp-6 non-ideal model improves the accuracy. The detonation velocity as a function of charge radius is also correctly reproduced. Contribution to the Mark S. Gordon on 65th Birthday Festschrift Issue.     

易燃易爆危险化学品储存场所的消防监督检查

易燃易爆危险化学品的储存场所,由于受到摩擦、挤压、震动、高(低)温、高(低)压、潮湿等因素的影响,常常引发越来越多的火灾、爆炸等灾害事故,造成了越来越大的损失和伤亡。严格落实防火、防爆、防潮、通风、降温等安全措施,对防止火灾和爆炸事故的发生,保障人民生命和财产安全,构建和谐社会,都具有十分重要的意义。因此,我们必须加强易燃易爆危险化学品储存场所的消防监督检查。     

火炸药粉尘与工业粉尘爆炸特性试验对比研究

为了系统地认识火炸药粉尘和工业粉尘爆炸特性的区别,选用TNT和RDX两种火炸药粉尘以及玉米淀粉和煤粉两种工业粉尘作为研究对象,分别采用最小点火能量测试装置和20L球粉尘爆炸装置对上述四种粉尘的点火能量、爆炸压力、爆炸指数、爆炸下限浓度进行了系统研究。结果表明:四种粉尘的最小点火能量均随着浓度的增大呈现出先增大后减小的现象,与玉米淀粉和煤粉这两种工业粉尘相比,TNT和RDX这两种火炸药粉尘的最小点火能量更小,对电火花刺激更敏感,更容易点火;TNT和RDX爆炸压力和爆炸指数均随着粉尘浓度的增大而不断增大,而玉米淀粉和煤粉的爆炸压力和爆炸指数随着粉尘浓度的增大先增大后减小,TNT和RDX这两种炸药粉尘的爆炸压力和爆炸指数更高,爆炸破坏程度也更大;这四种粉尘的爆炸下限浓度为RDX玉米淀粉煤粉TNT,未表现出相应的变化规律。     

A chloride-anion insensitive colorimetric chemosensor for trinitrobenzene and picric acid

A new receptor, the bisTTF-calix[2]thiophene[2]pyrrole derivative 3, has been prepared from the Lewis acid-catalyzed condensation of 2,5-bis(1-hydroxymethylethyl)thiopheno-TTF and pyrrole. This new system is found to form complexes with the electron-deficient guests, trinitrobenzene (TNB) and picric acid (PA), which serve as models for nitroaromatic explosives. The binding phenomenon, which has been studied in organic solution using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and absorption spectroscopies, results in an easy-to-visualize color change in chloroform that is independent of the presence of chloride anion, a known interferant for an earlier tetrakisTTF-calix[4]pyrrole TNB chemosensor. Support for the proposed binding mode comes from a preliminary solid state structure of the complex formed from TNB, namely TNB⊂3. A color change is also observed when dichloromethane solutions of chemosensor 3 are added to solvent-free samples of TNB, PA, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene supported on silica gel. Figure A new bis-tetrathiafulvalene calix[2]thiophene[2]pyrrole derivative has been prepared that gives rise to an easy-to-visualize color change in the presence of the model nitroaromatic explosives trinitrobenzene and picric acid. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prediction of near field overpressure from quarry blasting

This paper investigates the propagation of airblast or pressure waves in air produced by bench blasting (i.e. detonation of the explosive in a row of blastholes, breaking the burden of rock towards the free vertical face of the block). Peak overpressure is calculated as a function of blasting parameters (explosive mass per delay and velocity at which the detonation sequence proceeds along the bench) and the polar coordinates of the position of interest (distance to the source and azimuth with respect to the free face). The model has been fitted to empirical data using linear least squares. The data set is composed of 122 airblast records monitored at distances less than 400 m in 41 production blasts carried out in two quarries. The model is statistically significant and has a determination coefficient of 0.87. The formula is validated from 12 airblast measurements gathered in five additional blasts.     

Existence of entire explosive positive radial solutions for a class of quasilinear elliptic systems

We show the existence of entire explosive positive radial solutions for quasilinear elliptic systems div(|∇u|^m−2∇u)=p(|x|)g(v), div(|∇v|ⁿ⁻²∇v)=q(|x|)f(u) on , where f and g are positive and non-decreasing functions on (0,∞) satisfying the Keller-Osserman condition.     

2,4,7,9,11,14—六氮杂三环[8.4.0.0~(3,8)]十四烷的合成

本文提出了合成2,4,7,9,11,14,-六氮杂三环[8.4.0.0~3,8]十四烷这个未见报道的化合物。它是一个比较理想的高能炸药中间体。本文还较深入地研究了合成反应的各种影响因素,对反应机理也进行了初步的讨论。     

Infrared spectra and molecular structure: Part II. N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acids

Infrared spectra of N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acids have been investigated. All the acids except N,N-dimethylanthranilic acid showed neutral structures in the solid state. The N,N-dimethylanthranilic acid, however, exhibited a dipolar structure with strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the solid state while in solution it is neutral.     

对标枪运动员爆发力模式初探

爆发力是人体肌肉在尽可能短的时间内发挥出最大力量,是体能的重要组成要素之一。发展爆发力的手段多种多样,在选择和设计爆发力及其训练组合上更加多样化。爆发力的发展受多种因素的影响和制约,文章通过实践训练力求寻求出与增强爆发力关系较密切的训练方法,为今后标枪运动员的爆发力训练提供参考依据。