Nanocarriers as Active Ingredients Enhancers in the Cosmetic Industry—The European and North America Regulation Challenges

“Flawless skin is the most universally desired human feature” is an iconic statement by Desmond Morris. Skin indicates one´s health and is so important that it affects a person’s emotional and psychological behavior, these facts having propelled the development of the cosmetics industry. It is estimated that in 2023, this industry will achieve more than 800 billion dollars. This boost is due to the development of new cosmetic formulations based on nanotechnology. Nanocarriers have been able to solve problems related to active ingredients regarding their solubility, poor stability, and release. Even though nanocarriers have evident benefits, they also present some problems related to the high cost, low shelf life, and toxicity. Regulation and legislation are two controversial topics regarding the use of nanotechnology in the field of cosmetics. In this area, the U.S. FDA has taken the lead and recommended several biosafety studies and post-market safety evaluations. The lack of a global definition that identifies nanomaterials as a cosmetic ingredient is a hindrance to the development of global legislation. In the EU, the legislation regarding the biosafety of nanomaterials in cosmetics is stricter. “The cost is not the only important issue, safety and the application of alternative testing methods for toxicity are of crucial importance as well”.     

基于市场调查的欧美游客出游决策行为研究

目的探讨欧美旅游者旅游决策行为对中国旅游市场的拓展和旅游资源开发的影响。方法根据市场问卷调研,运用SPSS,EXCEL数据软件包及图表分析软件,对数据进行定量分析。结果从旅游者渴望来华程度、影响来华旅游因素及旅游信息来源途径等方面的分析,明确了欧美旅游者的旅游行为特征。结论从影响旅游者渴望来华旅游因素及旅游信息认知途径等方面的分析,对中国旅游市场的拓展、旅游形象设计及旅游资源的开发均有一定的参考价值。     

Reliability of stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of pedogenic needle fibre calcite as environmental indicators: examples from Western Europe

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses were conducted on pedogenic needle fibre calcite (NFC) from seven sites in areas with roughly similar temperate climates in Western Europe, including the Swiss Jura Mountains, eastern and southern France, northern Wales, and north-eastern Spain. The δ¹³C values (?12.5 to?6.8 ‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)) record the predominant C₃ vegetation cover at the sites. A good correlation was found between mean monthly climatic parameters (air temperature, number of frost days, humidity, and precipitation) and δ¹⁸O values (?7.8 to?3.4‰ VPDB) of all the NFC. Similar seasonal variations of δ¹⁸O values for monthly NFC samples from the Swiss sites and those of mean monthly δ¹⁸O values of local precipitation and meteorological data point out precipitation and preferential growth/or recrystallisation of the pedogenic needle calcite during dry seasons. These covariations indicate the potential of stable isotope compositions of preserved NFC in fossil soil horizons as a promising tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.     

浅议欧美现代文学的文化意旨

欧美现代文学体现了鲜明的时代特征,取得了不可替代的文化地位.     

中国、欧洲城市建设与管理的比较与思考

中国与欧洲在城市建设和管理方面存在诸多的差异。我们应借鉴欧洲城市建设与管理的成功经验,努力提升 我们的城市发展水平。要积极、主动、科学地保护生态环境,促进人与环境和谐共生;要树立管理重于建设的理念,切实 提高城市管理水平;要高度重视城市规划,努力提高建设项目的整体质量;要把走新型城市化道路,努力建设节约型城 市作为城市发展的方向;要注重城市文化建设,提升城市文化品位。     

2016 年欧美经济运行现状和未来走势分析

当前,全球经济增长低迷不振,美国经济虽然仍然呈现增长态势,但增速放缓,欧元区经济在英国脱欧的冲击下不确定性显著增加,经济增长低于预期。欧美经济波动对中国有较大影响,在当前我国经济结构转型的关键时期,要特别关注欧美经济和政治不确定性增加带给我国宏观经济的不利后果。本文从经济增长、物价波动、失业状况和制造业发展等层面对欧美经济的现状进行分析,对欧美经济未来走势进行判断。     

近代“欧洲观念”——欧洲一体化运动的理念先导

“欧洲观念”是欧洲自我认同及对欧洲问题思考的重要内涵,它对欧洲的发展与演进有重要影响。“欧洲观念”源远流长,历史的车轮滚入近代,“欧洲观念”在近代欧洲的特殊社会背景之下,表现出其独特的思想特征。因此,考察近代“欧洲观念”对于分析当代一体化运动具有深刻的理论与实践意义。     

略论中世纪欧洲的整体发展

中世纪是欧洲历史整体发展的重要时期，11世纪以后，随着城市的兴起，工商业的发展，欧洲各民族地区逐步由彼此分散，相互隔绝走向相互联系，相互依赖，终于发展成为一个矛盾而统一的整体，由此产生了现代欧洲文明。     

领导还是合作:尼克松政府对欧政策的调整

资本主义力量的分化和东西方缓和是对冷战压力的一种释放。尼克松执政之时,美国的比较优势进一步弱化,欧洲实力的增强和联盟观念的淡薄使大西洋联盟处于变化与动荡之中,东西方缓和成为大势所趋。尼克松把加强美欧"伙伴关系"当作推行"尼克松主义"的基础,欲在"领导"与"合作"中求得平衡。     

Metrology in chemistry: Part II. Future requirements in Europe

 The paper (Parts I and II) reports the results of a survey carried out to assess the current situation in the field of metrology in chemistry within Europe and to identify future needs for work at the European level. Responses to a questionnaire covering 17 economic sectors and distributed to 17 countries plus the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC JRC), together with input from a project group, EURACHEM and EUROMET, provided the basis of the study. Part I covers the protocol for the study and reports current activities. Part II reports suggestions for future work, a strategy for metrology in chemistry and recommendations for the EC Fifth Framework Programme.