Relationship between El Nino /South Oscillation (ENSO) and population outbreaks of some lemmings and voles in Europe

Ecologists have been puzzled by population cycles of lemmings and voles for the over 70 years. At present, our understanding and explanation to this phenomenon remain controversial. Recently, El Ni?o/South Oscillation has attracted attention of ecologists on its links with population outbreaks of terrestrial animals. This paper aims to investigate the statistical relationship between outbreaks of microtine rodents and ENSO events by scanning available literature. During 1862—1894, outbreaks of Norway lemmings in Norway tended to occur in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) peak years or 1 year after the SOI peak years with an approximate significance level ( p = 0.057). During 1885—1931, outbreaks of voles in France tended to occur 1 year before the SOI peak years (p = 0.01). During 1946—1993, outbreaks of lemmings and voles in North Finland tended to occur 1 year before the SOI peak years with a significant level (p = 0.022); the peaks of population abundance corresponded well to the SOI trough years (equal to 1 year before the SOI peak years). Outbreaks of common voles in Poland during 1946—1975 tended to occur in the SOI peak years or 1 year before the SOI peak years (p = 0.011), and also tended to occur 1 year before the SOI peak years (p = 0.030). It was also found that the rodent outbreaks in Norway and France, rodent outbreaks in Finland and Poland synchronized well. It was suggested that the ENSO-related climate or food were key factors in causing outbreaks of microtine rodents in Europe.     

必须坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路——前苏联和东欧推行民主社会主义失败的经验教训

前苏联和东欧社会主义国家剧变深刻地证明：“民主社会主义”并非社会主义国家建设成功的法宝，相反．成为某些共产党人走向背叛的捷径。我们必须积极吸取前苏联和东欧推行民主社会主义的教训．旗帜鲜明地批判民主社会主义，坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路。     

欧美商业银行受次贷危机冲击及其对中国的启示

美国次贷危机使全球商业银行都受到了巨大的冲击。本文初步考察了欧美和中国主要商业银行受美国次贷危机的影响程度,并解释其相差悬殊的原因,提出了中国银行业的发展应加快银行信贷资产证券化的步伐、建立完善的贷款保险制度和加强银行内外监管等对策。     

工业革命时期欧洲劳动力政策及其特点

技术进步带来的工业革命使劳动力性质发生了变化,劳动力开始成为商品。为了解决工业化和劳动力流动过程中出现的问题,欧洲各国政府纷纷采取以社会救助和社会救济为目标的社会性政策来保证劳动力的供给,这些劳动力政策保证了各国劳动力的流动,为工业革命的继续发展提供了劳动力资源,同时也解决了失业而引发的社会问题,维护了社会稳定。     

Temporal and spatial distribution of isotopes in river water in Central Europe: 50 years experience with the Austrian network of isotopes in rivers

The Austrian network of isotopes in rivers comprises about 15 sampling locations and has been operated since 1976. The Danube isotope time series goes back to 1963. The isotopic composition of river water in Central Europe is mainly governed by the isotopic composition of precipitation in the catchment area; evaporation effects play only a minor role. Short-term and long-term isotope signals in precipitation are thus transmitted through the whole catchment. The influence of climatic changes has become observable in the long-term stable isotope time series of precipitation and surface waters. Environmental ³H values were around 8 TU in 2015, short-term ³H pulses up to about 80 TU in the rivers Danube and March were a consequence of releases from nuclear power plants. The complete isotope data series of this network will be included in the Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers database of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2017. This article comprises a review of 50 years isotope monitoring on rivers and is also intended to provide base information on the (isotope-)hydrological conditions in Central Europe specifically for the end-users of these data, e.g. for modelling hydrological processes. Furthermore, this paper includes the 2006–2015 supplement adding to the Danube isotope set published earlier.     

古代希腊罗马哲学和东西方文明的融汇

西欧古典文明和当时的东方(近东与北非)文明有重要差异,希腊罗马文明的特征为希腊罗马哲学发挥文化创造力提供了较大的自由空间;各种东方文明和西欧古典文明的和谐交往,对希腊古典哲学、希腊化与罗马哲学的形成与发展,都有很重要的影响。吸取东方文明的成果,是希腊罗马哲学产生与演进的重要因素。世界不同文明的冲突总是暂时的,而不同文明的和平交往与和谐融汇才是人类进步的主流,是文化发展的重要动力。     

论前资本主义时期东西方城市差异及其对社会发展的影响

城市是人类文明发展到一定程度时的产物。由于城市发展的地理环境、气候条件、民族习俗等的不同,城市本身就出现了发展的不同类型、不同特点。研究发现：东方城市多沿河而建,是奴隶制度及封建王权的所在地,奉行重农主义,而西方城市多沿海而建,呈一定程度的开放性和自由性———奉行重商主义。因而,中世纪后的西方,城市中易产生新的阶级,而东方城市中的臣民却受制于强大皇权的统治,无法形成社会进步的中坚力量。而西方城市的持续发展,最终导致了社会革命产生,推动了社会形态发生质的变化。     

罗马-教会法民事诉讼程序的特征及其历史地位

罗马-教会法民事诉讼程序在诉讼程序法中被称为“欧陆诉讼程序之母”,具有重要的历史地位。它缔造了现代民事诉讼程序的雏形,是诉讼程序理性化的开端。罗马-教会法民事诉讼程序以书面程序为原则、采行间接审理模式、严格的形式证据制度、诉讼程序断续迟延、发明了简易程序,形成正式-简易二元程序结构。它是英国衡平法诉讼程序及海事诉讼程序的渊源,还促进欧陆诉讼程序的统一和诉讼法学的形成。     

Fuzzy Clustering Methods to Identify the Epidemiological Situation and Its Changes in European Countries during COVID-19

The main research question concerned the identification of changes in the COVID-19 epidemiological situation using fuzzy clustering methods. This research used cross-sectional time series data obtained from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The identification of country types in terms of epidemiological risk was carried out using the fuzzy c-means clustering method. We also used the entropy index to measure the degree of fuzziness in the classification and evaluate the uncertainty of epidemiological states. The proposed approach allowed us to identify countries’ epidemic states. Moreover, it also made it possible to determine the time of transition from one state to another, as well as to observe fluctuations during changes of state. Three COVID-19 epidemic states were identified in Europe, i.e., stabilisation, destabilisation, and expansion. The methodology is universal and can also be useful for other countries, as well as the research results being important for governments, politicians and other policy-makers working to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.     

论近代欧洲社会转型时期城市空间与性别权力

欧洲在从中世纪向近代社会转型的过程中,城市得到了迅速发展。早期城市政府家长式的统治致使女性在城市中处于不利地位。人们不仅在观念上认为男女两性应分属于不同的空间,而且通过多种形式来强化这一观念。欧洲城市空间的这种性别化特征无论从地理概念上还是从其代表的社会权力而言,都具有文化建构的含义,它加深了两性关系的不平等。这表明,在迈向近代化的进程中,真正实现两性关系的平等和妇女的解放需要一个长期的过程。