Precise determination of manganese in steel by dc glow discharge optical emission spectrometry associated with voltage modulation technique

A voltage modulation technique was applied for the precise and accurate determination of manganese in steels in dc glow discharge optical emission spectrometry. Emission signals from the glow discharge plasma are modulated by a cyclic variation of the discharge voltage so that only the desired signals can be detected at very low noise levels by using a lock-in amplifier. Mn determination in low-alloyed steels was performed to estimate the repeatability of the analytical result. For each measurement, the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of the intensities of the Mn I 403.08-nm line was ca 0.1% when a steel sample containing 0.329 mass% Mn was employed. Averaging all analytical values, which are obtained in various discharge conditions, yields statistical information on the precision and accuracy of the analytical values obtained. The relative error from the recommended value is calculated to be 0.5%. The R.S.D. over the analytical values is 1.5%, representing the overall analytical performance of this technique.     

电力系统电压骤降的实时检测算法研究

电压骤降的三大特征量幅值、持续时间和相位跳变的准确检测是电压质量评估与抑制干扰首先要解决的重要课题。该文以单相电源为参考电压,采用60＆#176;延时方法构造了一个虚拟的对称三相系统,借助d-q变换将三相电压变换到dq轴,提出了有实用意义的瞬时d-q分解法,可对单相电压骤降的三大特征量进行瞬时检测。通过理论分析,对该算法进行建模仿真,仿真结果表明所述算法具有较好的实时性,对同类电力系统电压骤降检测研究提供了重要的参考依据。     

二次电压小母线接线探讨

电压互感器(以下简称TV)二次电压是继电保护及安全自动装置对一次设备进行故障判断的要依据之一,同时也是进行电能测量的重要电气量。二次电压小母线的安全运行是继电保护及安全自动装置的正确动作的前提条件。     

Stabilizing Cobalt-free Li-rich Layered Oxide Cathodes through Oxygen Lattice Regulation by Two-phase Ru Doping

The application of Li-rich layered oxides is hindered by their dramatic capacity and voltage decay on cycling. This work comprehensively studies the mechanistic behaviour of cobalt-free Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ and demonstrates the positive impact of two-phase Ru doping. A mechanistic transition from the monoclinic to the hexagonal behaviour is found for the structural evolution of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O_2, and the improvement mechanism of Ru doping is understood using the combination of in operando and post-mortem synchrotron analyses. The two-phase Ru doping improves the structural reversibility in the first cycle and restrains structural degradation during cycling by stabilizing oxygen (O²⁻) redox and reducing Mn reduction, thus enabling high structural stability, an extraordinarily stable voltage (decay rate <0.45 mV per cycle), and a high capacity-retention rate during long-term cycling. The understanding of the structure-function relationship of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ sheds light on the selective doping strategy and rational materials design for better-performance Li-rich layered oxides.     

Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cell Using a Fluoride-Assisted Surface Gradient Passivation Strategy

Wide-band gap (1.68 eV) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are important components of perovskite/Si tandem devices. However, the efficiency of wide band gap PSCs has been limited by their huge open-circuit voltage (V_oc) deficit due to non-radiative recombination. Deep-level acceptor defects are identified as the major killers of V_oc, and they can be effectively improved by passivation with ammonium salts. Theoretical calculation predicts that increasing the distance between F and −NH₃⁺ of fluorinated ammonium can dramatically enhance the electropositivity of −NH₃⁺ terminals, thus providing strong adsorption onto the negatively charged I_A and I_Pb anti-site defects. Characterizations further confirm that surface gradient passivation employing p-FPEAI demonstrates the most efficient passivation effect. Consequently, a record-efficiency of 21.63 % with the smallest V_oc deficit of 441 mV is achieved for 1.68 eV-band gap inverted PSCs. Additionally, a flexible PSC and 1 cm² opaque device also deliver the highest PCEs of 21.02 % and 19.31 %, respectively.     

Stable Operation of Lithium Metal Batteries with Aggressive Cathode Chemistries at 4.9 V

High-voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs) pose severe challenges for the matching of electrolytes with aggressive electrodes, especially at low temperatures. Here, we report a rational modification of the Li⁺ solvation structure to extend the voltage and temperature operating ranges of conventional electrolytes. Ion-ion and ion-dipole interactions as well as the electrochemical window of solvents were tailored to improve oxidation stability and de-solvation kinetics of the electrolyte. Meanwhile, robust and elastic B and F-rich interphases are formed on both electrodes. Such optimization enables Li||LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cells (90.2 % retention after 400 cycles) and Li||LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ (NCM622) cells (74.0 % retention after 200 cycles) to cycle stably at an ultra-high voltage of 4.9 V. Moreover, NCM622 cells deliver a considerable capacity of 143.5 mAh g⁻¹ at −20 °C, showing great potential for practical uses. The proposed strategy sheds light on further optimization for high-voltage LMBs.     

Organic Electrochemical Transistor Based on Hydrophobic Polymer Tuned by Ionic Gels

Hydrophobic conjugated polymers have poor ionic transport property, so hydrophilic side chains are often grafted for their application as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). However, this modification lowers their charge transport ability. Here, an ionic gel interfacial layer is applied to improve the ionic transport while retaining the charge transport ability of the polymers. By using the ionic gels comprising gel matrix and ionic liquids as the interfacial layers, the hydrophobic polymer achieves the OECT feature with high transconductance, low threshold voltage, high current on/off ratio, short switching time, and high operational stability. The working mechanism is also revealed. Moreover, the OECT performance can be tuned by varying the types and ratios of ionic gels. With the proposed ionic gel strategy, OECTs can be effectively realized with hydrophobic conjugated polymers.     

An efficient approach for the prediction of ion channels and their subfamilies

Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that are responsible for controlling the flow of ions across the cell. There are various biological functions that are performed by different types of ion channels. Therefore for new drug discovery it is necessary to develop a novel computational intelligence techniques based approach for the reliable prediction of ion channels families and their subfamilies. In this paper random forest based approach is proposed to predict ion channels families and their subfamilies by using sequence derived features. Here, seven feature vectors are used to represent the protein sample, including amino acid composition, dipeptide composition, correlation features, composition, transition and distribution and pseudo amino acid composition. The minimum redundancy and maximum relevance feature selection is used to find the optimal number of features for improving the prediction performance. The proposed method achieved an overall accuracy of 100%, 98.01%, 91.5%, 93.0%, 92.2%, 78.6%, 95.5%, 84.9%, MCC values of 1.00, 0.92, 0.88, 0.88, 0.90, 0.79, 0.91, 0.81 and ROC area values of 1.00, 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.95, 0.99 and 0.96 using 10-fold cross validation to predict the ion channels and non-ion channels, voltage gated ion channels and ligand gated ion channels, four subfamilies (calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride) of voltage gated ion channels, and four subfamilies of ligand gated ion channels and predict subfamilies of voltage gated calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride ion channels respectively.     

自动电压控制中不良数据辨识的研究

自动电压控制（AVC）系统由于缺少对发电厂遥测量数据的真实性进行有效和准确地辨识,容易引起装置误动。支持向量机（SVM）是数据挖掘中一种具有优良模式识别性能的新方法。本文提出了利用SVM建立辨识发电厂遥测量中不良数据的模型：首先应用SVM非线性回归对各种运行情况下发电厂正常的遥测数据进行曲线拟合（即训练）;然后运用训练好的模型对历史遥测数据(包括正常遥测数据和不良遥测数据)进行预测,取得预测值与实际遥测数据的误差百分比;再结合历史遥测数据正确与否,应用SVM分类功能训练分类网络;最后将实时遥测数据输入到训练好的曲线拟合网络和分类网络中,就能够迅速判断该遥测数据是否为不良数据。仿真算例验证了SVM模型的有效性和准确性。     

电容器易错问题分析

分别从场和能量的角度、电位的角度分析了电容器间电压、能量的分配,讨论了平行板电容器间插入金属板,改变平行板电容器极板间的距离时场强、能量等问题,分析了易产生错误的原因,指出抓住电容器与电源是否连接,以及有无外力做功、电源做功发生,从而根据能量守恒,弄清能量的变化来分析解决问题比较方便。