Characteristics of clouds,precipitation, and latent heat in midlatitude frontal system mixed with dust storm from GPM satellite observations and WRF simulations

A heavy dust storm originating in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia traveled to Northeast China and met a midlatitude frontal system on May 3, 2017. The potential ice nuclei (IN) effects of mineral dust aerosols on the vertical structure of clouds, precipitation, and latent heat (LH) were studied using Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) satellite observations and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. The WRF simulations correctly captured the main features of the system, and the surface rain rate distribution was positively correlated with data retrieved from the GPM Microwave Imager. Moreover, the correlation coefficient increased from 0.31 to 0.54 with increasing moving average window size. The WRF-simulated rainfall vertical profiles are generally comparable to the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) observations, particularly in low layers. The joint probability distribution functions of the rain rate at different altitudes from the WRF simulation and GPM observations show high positive correlation coefficients of ~0.80, indicating that the assumptions regarding the raindrop size distribution in the WRF model and DPR retrieval were consistent. Atmospheric circulation analysis and aerosol optical depth observations from the Himawari-8 satellite indicated that the dust storm entered only a narrow strip of the northwest edge of the frontal precipitation system. The WRF simulations showed that in carefully selected areas of heavy dust, dust can enhance the heterogeneous ice nucleation process and increase the cloud ice, snowfall, high-altitude precipitation rate, and LH rate in the upper layers. This effect is significant at temperatures of ?15 °C to ?38 °C and requires dust number concentrations exceeding 106 m?3. It is important to accurately classify the dusty region in this type of case study. In the selected vertical cross section, the WRF-simulated and DPR-retrieved LH have comparable vertical shapes and amplitudes. Both results reflect the structure of the tilted frontal surface, with positive LH above it and negative LH below it. The simulated area-averaged LH profiles show positive heating in the entire column, which is a convective-dominated region, and this feature is not significantly affected by dust. DPR-based LH profiles show stratiform-dominated or convective-dominated shapes, depending on the DPR retrieval product.     

低共熔溶剂浸出高炉瓦斯泥-电沉积锌的研究

本文采用氯化胆碱-尿素低共熔溶剂体系浸出高炉瓦斯泥,再直接电沉积得到锌.实验考察了液固比、浸出时间、搅拌速度对锌浸出率的影响.浸出实验结束后,我们分别对体系进行了循环伏安测试和电沉积实验.实验结果表明:液固比为10 mL/g,浸出时间为30 h,搅拌速度为300 r/min,温度为70℃的条件下,锌的浸出率达到71%;循环伏安测试确定还原电位为-1.4 V;X射线衍射和能谱分析表明,镀层为纯度较高的金属锌;通过对镀层形貌分析发现电沉积得到了1μm左右团簇状晶粒组成的锌镀层.     

Correlations between the electric charging properties and the optically determined structure of non-woven fabrics

The aim of this paper is to determine the degree of correlation between the electrostatic potential distribution on the surface of non-woven fabrics and the material structure as obtained by optical means. The potential distribution on the material surface was monitored for several samples of two types of fabrics that were electrically charged using corona discharge. The results show that the charge distribution on the samples surface significantly correlates with the spreading and the third centered moment of the gray-scale pictures of the samples.     

Leaching kinetics of electric arc furnace dust in nitric acid solutions

Electric arc furnace dust contains mainly ZnO, ZnFe₂O₄, and iron oxides. In this study, chemical composition of ZnO, ZnFe₂O₄, and Fe₂O₃ and leaching kinetics of ZnO, ZnFe₂O₄, and Fe₂O₃ in HNO₃ solutions were investigated. It was seen that the dissolution of ZnO is very fast, therefore the leaching kinetics of ZnO cannot be determined. Kinetic parameters and model equations were derived for the leaching of ZnFe₂O₄ and Fe₂O_3. Leaching kinetics of ZnFe₂O₄ was explained by the pseudohomogeneous reaction model. Activation energy and order of HNO₃ concentration were found to be as 37.5 kJ mol⁻¹ and 0.37, respectively. The model equation was derived as . It was determined that experimental data for the leaching kinetics of Fe₂O₃ best fit with the shrinking core model (SCM). Activation energy and order of HNO₃ concentration were found to be as 51.5 kJ mol⁻¹ and 0.67, respectively The model equation was derived using SCM as _.     

卷烟厂环境清扫箱的性能测试与改进

通过对广东某卷烟厂环境清扫除尘系统中的环境清扫箱性能测试及结果分析，找到了引起清扫箱阻力过大的主要原因，并提出了改进方案．系统经改进后，管道压力损失减少了10％以上，节能效率得到了进一步的提升．     

Self-assembly of supramolecular polymers in water from tetracationic and tetraanionic monomers in water through cooperative electrostatic attraction and aromatic stacking

The cooperative electrostatic attraction and π-π stacking between tetrahedral tetrapyridinium and three tetraanionic tetraphenylethylenes led to the formation of a new series of supramolecular polymers in water.     

Complete solution of the electrostatic equilibrium problem for classical weights

In this paper we complete the solution of the electrostatic equilibrium problem for all classical weight functions. In particular we solve this problem for classical generalized Bessel, Jacobi on (0, +∞) and pseudo-Jacobi weights. In addition we present an elementary unified way of dealing with the electrostatic equilibrium problem, which depends on the weights satisfying the Pearson differential equation.     

Comparative study of microstructure and tribological behavior of TiC/a‐C:H and a‐C:H coatings in a sand‐dust environment

TiC/a‐C:H and a‐C:H nanocomposite coatings were prepared on AISI 440C steel substrates using magnetron sputtering process. A comparative study was made on their composition and microstructure by Raman spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The tribological properties of two types of carbon‐based coatings were investigated by pin‐on‐disc tribometer under the sand‐dust conditions concerning the influence of applied load, amount of sand and sand particle sizes. The results show that these carbon‐based coatings exhibited high tribological performance with low friction coefficient and wear rate under the sand‐dust environments. However, the TiC/a‐C:H coatings exhibit relatively higher fluctuant friction coefficient as well as higher wear rate in comparison with the a‐C:H coatings under sand‐dust environments. The formation of nanocrystalline hard TiC phase distributed in amorphous carbon matrix decreased the residual stress but significantly increased the hardness and Young's modulus of TiC/a‐C:H coatings, and consequently caused a relatively higher abrasive and fatigue wear loss under the sand‐dust conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of electrostatic correlations on the ionic current rectification in conical nanopores

Ion‐ion electrostatic correlations are recognized to play a significant role in the presence of concentrated multivalent electrolytes. To account for their impact on ionic current rectification phenomenon in conical nanopores, we use the modified continuum Poisson‐Nernst‐Planck (PNP) equations by Bazant et al. Coupled with the Stokes equations, the effects of the EOF are also included. We thoroughly investigate the dependence of the ionic current rectification ratios as a function of the double layer thickness and the electrostatic correlation length. By considering the electrostatic correlations, the modified PNP model successfully captures the ionic current rectification reversal in nanopores filled with lanthanum chloride LaCl₃. This finding qualitatively agrees with the experimental observations that cannot be explained by the standard PNP model, suggesting that ion‐ion electrostatic correlations are responsible for this reversal behavior. The modified PNP model not only can be used to explain the experiments, but also go beyond to provide a design tool for nanopore applications involving multivalent electrolytes.     

Experimental evaluation of the claimed coulomb rotation (electrostatic torque)

In the year 2002 publications of A.V.M. Khachatourian and A.O. Wistrom were released, in which the existence of an electrostatic torque has been claimed. This moment of force should act in a three sphere configuration, where one sphere is held at a constant electric potential. This claim was based on an observed rotation and was supported by a mathematical solution derived by Wistrom and Khachatourian. The theoretical work of Wistrom and Khachatourian as well as the interpretation of the observed rotation were criticized by several scientists who offered alternative explanations for the rotation. We therefore designed an experimental setup which enabled us to investigate the phenomenon. By performing numerous measurements, we showed that the rotation is due to asymmetric mass distribution within the sphere, which is dislocated due to electrostatic forces between the spheres. We were able to clear our measurements from this effect and observed a null result more than two orders of magnitude smaller than predicted by Khachatourian and Wistrom's theory. We therefore showed that the rotation doesn't occur in an electrostatic system within the resolution of our experiment.