Dielectric properties of a hydrated sulfonated poly(styrene-ethylene/butylenes-styrene) triblock copolymer

The present study showed that sulfonated poly(styrene-ethylene/butylenes-styrene) (S-SEBS) triblock copolymer ionomers can be made to exhibit dielectric constants on the order of a hundreds thousand. Although they are too lossy at this point to use as dielectric materials in capacitors or as electrostrictive Maxwell effect transducer materials because of their high hydrogen ion conductivity, the results of these initial dielectric studies as a function of ion content were used to try to understand the effects of a polar plasticizer, water, on dielectric properties of the acid form of this ionomer. This was done before moving on to more tightly bound ions (rather than the hydrogen ions of the sulfonic acid groups used here) and to other polar, less mobile plasticizers (which also interact strongly with the ionic dipoles). The discovery of such high dielectric constants suggested the possibility that low dielectric loss versions of this type of polymer, as well as other members of the class known as ionomers, might find future applications as extremely high dielectric constant materials in capacitors or transducers. Experimental results for films with degrees of sulfonation on the order of 10% or more showed dielectric constants on the order of ?′ ∼ 100,000 but dielectric loss tangents near D = tan δ ∼ 0.3, when the materials were exposed to high humidity conditions. Experiments to determine the effects of water content on the material's dielectric response showed that water can easily move into and out of the films studied and that this transport behavior is strongly correlated to the relative humidity of the environment and to the degree of sulfonation. Water content, in this case, was thus the primary consideration when attempting to understand the observed high dielectric constants in films with degree of sulfonation greater than 5.5%. However, vacuum-dried films were, also, examined and observed to exhibit a dielectric constant on the order of 2 until the degree of sulfonation was greater than 11%. Above this value, the dielectric constant increased by approximately 100% to a value on the order of 4.     

Banach空间中渐近正则半群的不动点定理

设X是p一致凸Banach空间,具有弱一致正规结构与非严格的Opial性质.又设C是X的非空凸弱紧子集.在适当的条件下,证明了C上每个渐近正则半群T={T(t):t∈S}都有不动点进一步,在类似的条件下,也讨论了一致凸Banach空间中渐近正则半群的不动点的存在性.     

On additives, morphological evolution and dielectric breakdown in low density polyethylene

A series of low density polyethylene systems has been studied with respect to structural evolution and short-term dielectric breakdown behaviour. All materials were based upon a single polymer, that is commonly used in high voltage applications, but with different additives. In all three of these systems, multiple melting transitions were observed, as a result of molecular fractionation effects during crystallization. In the virgin polymer, a space-filling banded spherulitic morphology was found to develop at low temperatures (102 °C and below) whereas, at higher temperatures, only a few isolated axialites were observed. Inclusion of the antioxidant resulted in greatly increased nucleation densities, such that, at low temperatures, no evidence of spherulitic organisation remained. At higher temperatures, sheaf-like lamellar aggregates developed, which were much smaller and much more numerous than in the case of the virgin polymer. Further addition of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) resulted in the rapid formation of a crosslinked network at 200 °C. Some crosslinking also occurred at 150 °C, but over a much longer timescale. Where extensive crosslinking occurred prior to crystallization, the resulting gel inhibited structural development, such that only a few small, isolated sheaves were able to form at 102 °C. In view of the principal application area of this material, the breakdown strength of each of the above systems was then measured and the whole data set was analysed statistically. When structural factors were considered alongside the statistics, no clear trends emerged to indicate that either the compositional or morphological variations were reflected in the short-term electrical failure processes.     

ISLAND—Inverse Square Law Acceleration Measurement Using iNertial Drift

By using a novel free-flying, rotating, optical bench aboard the International Space Station (ISS) as the basis for a measurement of differential acceleration between two gravitating bodies, in principle the Newtonian inverse-square law and the constant of gravitation, G, can be determined at the parts in 10⁶ level.     

Dielectric investigations of associate formation process in thin nitrobenzene interlayers formed between metal substrates

Studies of thickness and temperature dependencies of the dielectric susceptibility of nitrobenzene interlayers formed on conductive substrates were carried out. The obtained data were processed under the assumption of the existence of dimers (with opposite directions of molecular dipole moments) in orientationally ordered wall-adjacent layers. The results were treated on the basis of Lifshits theory.     

A novel tridentate nitrogen donor as ligand in copper catalyzed ATRP of methyl methacrylate

A tridentate ligand, BPIEP: 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐diisopropyl phenylimino) ethyl] pyridine, having central pyridine unit and two peripheral imine coordination sites was effectively employed in controlled/“living” radical polymerization of MMA at 90°C in toluene as solvent, Cu^IBr as catalyst, and ethyl‐2‐bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as initiator resulting in well‐defined polymers with polydispersities M_w/M_n ≤ 1.23. The rate of polymerization follows first‐order kinetics, k_app = 3.4 × 10^?5 s^?1, indicating the presence of low radical concentration ([P*] ≤ 10^?8) throughout the reaction. The polymerization rate attains a maximum at a ligand‐to‐metal ratio of 2:1 in toluene at 90°C. The solvent concentration (v/v, with respect to monomer) has a significant effect on the polymerization kinetics. The polymerization is faster in polar solvents like, diphenylether, and anisole, as compared to toluene. Increasing the monomer concentration in toluene resulted in a better control of polymerization. The molecular weights (M_n,SEC) increased linearly with conversion and were found to be higher than predicted molecular (M_n,Cal). However, the polydispersity remained narrow, i.e., ≤1.23. The initiator efficiency at lower monomer concentration approaches a value of 0.7 in 110 min as compared to 0.5 in 330 min at higher monomer concentration. The aging of the copper salt complexed with BPIEP had a beneficial effect and resulted in polymers with narrow polydispersitities and higher conversion. PMMA obtained at room temperature in toluene (33%, v/v) gave PDI of 1.22 (M_n = 8500) in 48 h whereas, at 50°C the PDI is 1.18 (M_n = 10,300), which is achieved in 23 h. The plot of lnk_app versus 1/T gave an apparent activation energy of polymerization as (ΔE^≠_app) 58.29 KJ/mol and enthalpy of equilibrium (ΔH⁰_eq) to 28.8 KJ/mol. Reverse ATRP of MMA was successfully performed using AIBN in bulk as well as solution. The controlled nature of the polymerization reaction was established through kinetic studies and chain extension experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4996–5008, 2005     

风力发电机组变速恒频控制系统研究

全面介绍了一种最新应用于风力发电中的新型电机—无刷双馈电机，并分析了这种新型电机作变速恒频运行的原理并对这种电机进行了动态特性仿真研究，给出了形式简洁的控制方程和易于实现的控制方案。     

Conformal Invariance, Accelerating Universe and the Cosmological Constant Problem

We investigate a conformal invariant gravitational model which is taken to hold at early universe. The conformal invariance allows us to make a dynamical distinction between the two unit systems (or conformal frames) usually used in cosmology and elementary particle physics. In this model we argue that when the universe suffers phase transition, the resulting mass scale introduced by particle physics should have a variable contribution to vacuum energy density. This variation is controlled by the conformal factor which is taken as a dynamical field. We then deal with the cosmological consequences of this model. In particular, we shall show that there is an inationary phase at early times. At late times, on the other hand, it provides a mechanism which makes a large effective cosmological constant relax to a sufficiently small value. Moreover, we shall show that the conformal factor acts as a quintessence field that leads the universe to accelerate at late times.     

Dependence of the kinetics of the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate on the concentration in active centers

Studies on the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate in tetrahydrofuran and in the presence of sparteine have revealed a beneficial effect due to this additive, resulting in a decrease in the extent of termination. Better control of the definition of the polymers formed can thus be achieved in the presence of this additive. On the other hand, macromolecular engineering requires a range of active species concentrations lower than 10^?3 mol L^?1 and particularly the synthesis of polymers of high molar masses. For a better understanding of the mechanism of chain growth under such concentration conditions, the kinetics of polymerization have been investigated with a technique based on adiabatic calorimetry. Sparteine has been found to lack sufficient cation‐binding power to prevent the propagating enolate ion pairs from aggregating. The rate constant of propagation of nonaggregated species has been estimated, as well as the aggregation constant of equilibrium. For very low initiator concentrations, termination reactions have been shown to profoundly alter the control of the polymerization and to prevent a quantitative monomer conversion. Theoretical maximal conversions have been calculated from kinetic data and compare well with the experimental values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4964–4975, 2004