Quellenformen für γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen mit Reaktorbrennelementen

Wesentliche Bedeutung für die Strahlenausnutzung in γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen mit Reaktorbrennelementen hat die Quellenform, wobei der besonderen Quelldichteverteilung Rechnung zu tragen ist. Es wurden Bewertungskenngröβen abgeleitet, mit deren Hilfe Optimalvarianten der Quellenform für verschiedene Bestrahlgutbedingungen bestimmt werden können. Für fünf Quellen-grundformen sind Formeln zur Berechnung der Strahlenfelder angegeben. Mit Hilfe der ermittelten Kenngröβen wurden die verschiedensten Quellenformen verglichen. Die hieraus abgeleiteten Optimalbedingungen sind abschlieβend zusammengefaβt.     

Subsurface layers with degenerate hole gas arising in germanium immersed into liquid helium under 60Co-gamma irradiation

Abstract

The subsurface layers with quasi-metal hole conductivity have been observed in n- and p-Ge immersed into liquid He under the ⁶⁰Co-gamma-irradiation. three conditions are to be fulfilled simultaneously for the production of the layers: low temperature, direct contact between helium and germanium and gammairradiation.     

新型热作模具钢CH95的高温力学和抗磨性能研究

对比研究了CH95钢与H11钢的高温力学及抗磨性能,分析了2种模具钢的组成和微结构对其高温力学性能和抗磨性能的影响,采用透射电子显微镜观察分析了CH95钢试样中碳化物的形貌．结果表明：CH95钢与H11钢相比具有优异的高温力学性能;其优异的高温力学性能和抗磨性能归因于其特定的微观结构;CH95钢中细小且呈弥散分布的MC、M2C强化相的含量较高,使得其在高温下仍可保持优良的力学性能和抗磨性能;稀土可加速CH95钢表面致密氧化物层的形成,提高其强度、韧性、耐磨性和抗剥离能力;而经离子氮化处理后形成的细小且呈弥散分布的合金氮化物亦可起弥散强化作用,从而使得CH95钢在高温高载荷下的抗磨性能明显优于H11钢．     

相变材料在装配式复合墙体日光温室中的应用研究

为进一步提高日光温室墙体的蓄热能力,改善室内热环境,对石蜡-膨胀珍珠岩复合相变材料（paraffin-expanded perlite composite phase change material,PCM-PE）在温室中的应用进行研究。利用TRNSYS（transient system simulation program）建立装配式复合墙体日光温室的模型,用晴天和阴天的实测数据验证模型准确性,利用该模型分析温室的北屋顶、侧墙、北墙等结构内表面分别添加PCM-PE后室内温度的变化和单位成本,及温室北屋顶、侧墙和北墙均添加PCM-PE时的最佳厚度。结果表明：温室不同结构内表面添加PCM-PE均对室内平均温度有明显提升作用,侧墙内表面添加PCM-PE使晴天时室内平均温度提高1.32 ℃,单位成本最低,为2 094元/℃;北屋顶、侧墙、北墙均添加PCM-PE时,其最佳厚度为50 mm,晴天室内平均温度和北墙平均温度分别提升3.9和3.7 ℃,阴天分别提升2.2和2.3 ℃;添加50 mm PCM-PE后,温室墙体传热系数较试验温室降低了15%,热阻提高了9.9%,对维持室内温度、降低温室能耗具有积极作用。分析温室不同结构应用PCM-PE的效果,同时考虑单位成本,可为建造经济性好、蓄热性能强的温室提供参考。     

飞机燃油管路安装间隙闪电击穿电压研究

闪电击穿电压是飞机遭遇闪电雷击时会否在燃油箱内产生电火花的重要评判指标。为研究飞机燃油箱内典型燃油管路安装间隙下的闪电击穿电压,搭建了闪电击穿电压测试台架,并采用可调冲击电压发生器模拟出符合标准《SAE ARP5412B》要求的闪电电压波形。实验发现：安装间隙为3 mm时,实验室环境下测得的最小临界耐受击穿电压值为9.0 kV,飞机燃油箱内燃油管路周围部件的种类和燃油管路的安装形式对闪电击穿电压的影响不大,燃油管路的管径大小以及管路表面的油漆层对闪电击穿电压的影响可忽略不计,保持3 mm安装间隙不变,在部件表面涂覆1 mm厚密封胶,耐受击穿电压值从9.9 kV跃增至22.5 kV,安装间隙击穿所需的电压幅值大幅提高。实验结果表明：在燃油管路表面涂覆密封胶是减缓小间隙处发生闪电击穿风险的一种有效措施,可为飞机燃油管路安装间距选取和闪电防护设计提供参考和依据。     

水温波动对泰来草、圆叶丝粉草生理及生长特性的影响

为探究海草对水温波动的适应性和适应机制,本研究以27 ℃为波动中心,设计波动幅度(简称“波幅”)分别为0、2、4、6、8、10 ℃的水温波动环境,将泰来草(Thalassia hemprichii)和圆叶丝粉草(Cymodocea rotundata)种植于上述环境中,并在实验结束后测定其生长状况、氧化与抗氧化产物、渗透调节物质、光合色素和光合荧光特征4类14项指标,从而评价其生理和生长特性的变化规律。结果表明,相对于水温恒定时,水温波幅为2-4 ℃时2种海草的地上部生产力较高,抗氧化酶活性与细胞渗透调节物质含量较低,营养物质与叶绿素含量、光反应的电子传递速率较高,总体表现为生长状况更好。但随着水温波幅超过此范围,上述指标均出现相反的变化趋势,海草受到的过氧化胁迫逐渐增大。虽然海草仍可通过提高抗氧化酶活性与细胞渗透势调节物质的含量等机制来抵抗这种胁迫,但抵御能力有限。波幅超过8 ℃的环境不利于2种海草的生长。此外,由于随着水温波动加剧,圆叶丝粉草各项生理指标值的变化幅度均大于泰来草,因此,本研究认为圆叶丝粉草对水温波动的敏感性高于泰来草。     

基于向量残差SVD的混凝土超声测试温度效应研究

为研究温度对混凝土超声测试尾波信号的影响规律;将信号向量间的归一化夹角作为波动指标,反映温度效应引起的信号变化;通过向量残差矩阵SVD获得表征温度效应大小的特征向量,建立向量空间映射和温度差的数学关系。在实验室采集混凝土梁尾波信号进行验证,结果表明,随温度升高尾波信号的波形发生后移,文中方法可分段线性量化温度效应;基于量化结果,得到常温下超声尾波信号最敏感的温度区间;任意4.5 ℃范围内,可去除74%~90%的温度效应。     

Critical temperatures of elements from their boiling points

A linear relation between critical temperature and boiling point is proposed for elements belonging to the same group in the periodic table. The validity of the relationship is demonstrated for the alkalies and the groups 16, 17 and 18. From this the critical temperature of tellurium is predicted as 2325?K and that for polonium as 2277?K.     

Transformation of macromonomers into ring‐opening polymerization macroinitiators: A detailed initiation efficiency study

In the present study, n‐butyl acrylate macromonomer (BAMM) (M_n = 1900 g mol^?1; PDI = 1.96) has been synthesized via a high‐temperature polymerization process. Subsequently, the olefinic termini of the BAMM have been transformed into a diol via a dihydroxylation process using KMnO₄ as an oxidizing agent. The OH‐terminated macroinitiator pBA(OH)₂ has subsequently been employed for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone via various catalytic systems, that is, organo‐(1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene), metal (tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate), and enzymatic catalysis (Novozym® 435). The obtained pBA‐b‐pCL block copolymers and the initiation efficiency of the BAMM macroinitiator have been investigated via size exclusion chromatography (SEC), electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) hyphenated with SEC and liquid chromatography at the critical conditions of both poly(ε‐caprolactone) (pCL) and pBA. The in vitro enzyme catalysis (eROP) approach proved to be the most efficient catalysis system due to minor transesterification side reactions during the polymerization process. However, side reactions such as transesterifications occur in each catalytic system and—while they cannot be suppressed—they can be minimized. The species generated during the eROP process include the desired block copolymer pBA‐b‐pCL as main species as well as pCL homopolymer and residual macroinitiator pBA(OH)₂. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012