常武地区土壤中六六六、DDT的残留状况及残留规律

作者测定了1984.3—1985.1江苏常州及武进县土壤中六六六、DDT农药的平均残留浓度分别为109.4ppb,154。3ppb,并报道了它们在表层土壤及剖面层的残留规律;发现β—六六六的残留指数与土壤pH呈正相关。与土壤有机质呈负相关。同时估算了该地区土壤中六六六的残留浓度在6.2—12.3年后可下降到20ppb以下。     

焦炭粉-氧气混合物爆燃向爆震转捩的数值模拟

根据化学反应和两相反应流体动力学理论,建立了焦炭粉氧气混合物燃烧波在一维封闭空间内的爆燃爆震转捩现象的数学模型,运用坐标变换和MacCormack两步显式差分格式,成功地完成了过程的数值模拟·清楚地诠释了气固两相混合物中DDT现象的转变机制:激波诱导、激波生成、激波加强及至稳态爆震·转变过程受初始温度场、压力场、粉尘浓度和颗粒尺度的影响     

Effect of obstacle size and spacing on the initial stage of flame acceleration in a rough tube

Experiments were conducted to study flame acceleration in an orifice plate laden detonation tube. Orifice plate area blockage and spacing were varied to determine their affect on flame acceleration. The tube used in the study was 3.05 m long with an inner diameter of 14.0 cm. Experiments were primarily carried out with stoichiometric propane-air, however the affect of mixture reactivity was also investigated by varying the mixture equivalence ratio. The distance required for the flame to achieve a velocity equal to the speed of sound in the unburned gas mixture was measured. This run-up distance is used to characterize the early stage of the flame acceleration process. It was found that in all cases, the flame run-up distance decreased with increased blockage ratio and with increased mixture reactivity. It was found that for higher blockage ratios plates flame acceleration was greatest for a plate spacing of one tube diameter, but for lower blockage ratio plates the results obtained for one-half, one, and one and one-half tube diameter plate spacing were very similar. The most rapid flame acceleration was observed when the ratio of the orifice plate spacing and the orifice plate height (half of the difference between the tube and orifice plate diameter) is on the order of 5. It is proposed that this optimum acceleration corresponds to the condition where the plate spacing is roughly equal to the length of the unburned gas re-circulation zone downstream from the orifice plate. PACS 47.40.-x; 47.70.Fw This paper was based on work that was presented at the 19th Interna-tional Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Sys-tems, Hakone, Japan, July 27 - August 1, 2003     

乙醚-铝粉-空气混合物燃烧转爆轰的实验研究

在长为32.4m、内径为0.199m的大型长直水平管道中对乙醚-空气混合物、乙醚-铝粉-空气混合物的燃烧转爆轰(DDT)过程进行了实验研究.对多相混合物弱点火条件下的DDT过程不同阶段的特征进行了分析,并对不同浓度时混合物的燃爆情况进行了比较.结果表明,质量浓度为295g/m3的乙醚-空气混合物与质量浓度分别为314,230g/m3的乙醚-铝粉-空气混合物在管道末端测点范围内均能够形成自持爆轰.     

Performance enhancement of a pulse detonation rocket engine

Utilizing liquid kerosene as the fuel, oxygen as oxidizer and nitrogen as purge gas, a series of multi-cycle detonation experiments was conducted to improve the performance of pulse detonation rocket engine (PDRE). In order to improve the performance of the engine, it is crucial to develop an effective DDT enhancement device with less flow loss and higher survival in hostile detonation tube; therefore, three spiraling internal grooves were tested. The three spiraling internal grooves were semicircle, square and inversed-triangle grooves, respectively. The results showed that the spiraling internal groove can effectively enhance DDT and prolong the operation time of PDRE. The effect of groove shape on thrust enhancement of PDRE and the optimum length of spiraling groove were then investigated. To improve the detonability of liquid kerosene and prolong the durability of PDRE, experiments on the kerosene preheating based on active cooling were conducted. The results demonstrated that with the aid of fuel preheating, the detonation initiation time for liquid kerosene was noticeably reduced and a fully-developed detonation wave was achieved in the position away from igniter 4.67 times the diameter of the detonation tube. By adding the additive to liquid kerosene, the detonation initiation time from 0.75 ms decreased to 0.34 ms and the detonability of fuel was dramatically improved. Finally, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the operating frequency on the detonation parameters, the fill fraction and PDRE performance. The results indicated that detonation pressure and temperature vary with the operating frequency of PDRE, and the fill fraction has a significant influence on the specific impulse of PDRE. With the strategy of partial filling in detonation tube, the specific impulse can be remarkably enhanced.     

BHC,DDT和B（a）P在内蒙古草地牧草中污染现状的初步调查

本文通过对内蒙古草地上优良牧草中，有机氯农药（６６６，ＤＤＴ）和苯并（ａ）芘（简写Ｂ（ａ）Ｐ），污染现状的调查，对四个地带性草地类型十个调查区域内１５４份牧草样品中，两项有害物质含量超标情况及分布进行了分析研究．结果表明：６６６、ＤＤＴ和Ｂ（ａ）Ｐ平均含量在草甸草原牧草中分别为０．０９２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００８６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，在典型草原牧草中分别为０．０４５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００５２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，在荒漠化草原牧草中分别为０．１００３ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００５６ｍｇ／ｋｇ．在草原化荒漠牧草中分别为０．２５２９ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００００ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．００５６ｍｇ／ｋｇ．全区草地上生长的１６种牧草中，两项有害物质均被检出，大部分含量都比较低，但个别样品含量很高，说明内蒙古草地环境已经受到一定程度的污染，应引起高度的重视．     

An experimental investigation of the onset of detonation

An experimental configuration is devised in the present investigation whereby the condition at the final phase of the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) process can be generated reproducibly by reflecting a CJ detonation from a perforated plate. The detonation products are transmitted downstream through the plate, generating a turbulent reaction front that mixes with the unburned mixture and that drives a precursor shock ahead of it at a strength of about M = 3. The gasdynamic condition that is generated downstream of the perforated plate closely corresponds to that just prior to the onset of detonation in the DDT process. The turbulence parameters can be controlled by varying the geometry of the perforated plate; thus, the condition leading to the onset of detonation can be experimentally investigated. A one-dimensional theoretical analysis of the steady wave processes was first performed, and the experimental results show good agreement, indicating that the present experimental condition can be theoretically described. Two different detonation tube geometries (one with a square cross-section of 300 mm by 300 mm and the other with a circular cross-section of 150 mm) are used to demonstrate the independence of the tube diameter at the critical condition for DDT. Perforated plates with different hole diameters (d = 8, 15, and 25 mm) were tested, and the hole spacing to hole diameter ratio was maintained at 0.5. Different hydrogen–air mixtures were tested at normal temperature and pressure. For the plate with 8 mm holes, the onset of detonation is never observed. For the plate with 15 mm holes, successful initiation of a detonation is achieved for 0.8 < < 1.75 in both detonation tubes. For the plate with 25 mm holes, detonation initiation is observed for 0.7 < < 2.1 in the square detonation tube and for 0.8 < < 1.6 in the smaller circular detonation tube.     

气相色谱法测定水中六六六和滴滴涕

采用气相色谱电子捕获检测器对水环境中的六六六和滴滴涕进行分析.水样经过液液萃取浓缩后进样,使用DM-5ms毛细管柱,用外标法定量.结果表明:在所选择的色谱操作条件下,六六六和滴滴涕在0.0096~2.90 mg/L之间线性良好,相关系数大于0.996 4,检出限为0.01~0.04μg/L,水样加标回收率为93%~135%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~4.5%.     

DDT and detonation waves in dust-air mixtures

This paper summarizes the studies of DDT and stable detonation waves in dust-air mixtures at the Stosswellenlabor of RWTH Aachen. The DDT process and propagation mechanism for stable heterogeneous dust detonations in air are essentially the same as in the oxygen environment studied previously. The dust DDT process in tubes is composed of a reaction compression stage followed by a reaction shock stage as the pre-detonation process. The transverse waves that couple the shock wave and the chemical energy release are responsible for the propagation of a stable dust-air detonation. However, the transverse wave spacing of dust-air mixtures is much larger. Therefore, DDT and propagation of a stable detonation in most industrial and agricultural, combustible dust-air mixtures require a tube that has a large diameter between 0.1 m and 1 m and a sufficient length-diameter ratio beyond 100, when an appropriately strong initiation energy is used. Two dust detonation tubes, 0.14 m and 0.3 m in diameter, were used for observation of the above-mentioned results in cornstarch, anthraquinone and aluminum dust suspended in air. Smoked-foil technique was also used to measure the cellular structure of dust detonations in the 0.3 m detonation tube. Received 11 February 2000 / Accepted 1 August 2000     

DDT技术价值裂变及其有限应用研究

技术价值裂变不仅成为现代技术的显著特征,同时也成为制约技术发展与应用的桎梏。DDT作为技术价值裂变的典型案例,通过对其发展史的分析与思考,寻找技术价值裂变的根源,对有效规避或弱化技术价值裂变产生的风险具有重要意义。