Developing counter current chromatography to meet the needs of pharmaceutical discovery

Experiments have been carried out to evaluate Counter Current Chromatography (CCC) as an alternative purification technique to preparative Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) for small molecule pharmaceuticals. The major drawback of CCC is the extensive time required in selecting the solvents to perform the separation. This is equivalent to choosing both the stationary phase and the mobile phase at the same time. In RP-HPLC it is a simple matter of deciding on the gradient, most samples can be purified on a C18 column with a water:acetonitrile gradient. The majority of the initial work was based on a standard test set of commercially available compounds, developed within our group to evaluate the performance of the HPLC apparatus and the column prior to the start of work each day. The work carried out on CCC has shown that the technique offers similar capabilities and can be carried out using similar protocols to RP-HPLC. CCC also has some advantages over RP-HPLC and can be regarded as a valuable addition to the chromatography toolbox.     

一种惩罚机制下一次性n人囚徒困境的合作性

为解决一次性n人囚徒困境中局中人如何走出困境的问题,引进了背叛惩罚函数及其严厉度和参与人的背叛愿意度等概念,并用数学论证法证明了如下结果:(1)参与人的背叛愿意度都不超过1.(2)背叛愿意度越大,这个参与人越愿意背叛;(3)背叛愿意度为0零时,这个参与人是否背叛其赢得一样;(4)当背叛愿意度取负数时,其绝对值越大,参与人的合作积极性越大.得到博弈结果的判定法:(1)计算各参与人的背叛愿意度.(2)若至少有一个参与人愿意背叛,则全体参与人都背叛.(3)若全体参与人都愿意合作,则合作成功.例子表明,本结果在理论上可有效地解决中局中人如何走出困境和在给定惩罚机制下博弈结果的预测问题.     

Enhanced resistive switching properties of HfAlOx/ZrO2- based RRAM devices

Resistive Random-Access Memory (RRAM) devices are recognized as potential candidates for next-generation memory devices, due to their smallest cell size, high write/erase speed, and endurance. Particularly, the resistive switching (RS) characteristics in oxide materials have offered new opportunities for developing CMOS-compatible high-density RRAM devices. In this study, the RS behavior of HfAlO_x/ZrO₂ thin films sandwiched structure between TiN bottom electrode and Au top electrodes were investigated. It was found that Au/HfAlO_x/ZrO₂/TiN stacks were superior in terms of RS performance when compare to Au/HfAlO_x/TiN memory stacks. The devices demonstrated a good resistance ratio of high resistance state and low resistance state ～10³ for Au/HfAlO_x/TiN and ～10⁵ for Au/HfAlO_x/ZrO₂/TiN stacks, respectively. Both stacks showed good retention characteristics (>10⁴ ?s) and endurance (>10³ cycles). The experimental current-voltage characteristics fitted with different conducting mechanisms, the linear lower bias region is dominated by ohmic conductivity, whereas the non-linear higher bias region was dominated by space-charge limited current conduction mechanism.     

Prisoner's dilemma and clusters on small‐world networks

The structure of interaction plays an important role in the outcome of evolutionary games. This study investigates the evolution of stochastic strategies of the prisoner's dilemma played on structures ranging from lattices to small world networks. Strategies and payoffs are analyzed as a function of the network characteristics of the node they are playing on. Nodes with lattice‐like neighborhoods tend to perform better than the nodes modified during the rewiring process of the construction of the small‐world network. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12:22–36, 2006     

HL－1M低混杂波电流驱动中的径向扩散效应

本文利用低混杂波电流驱动的准线性理论模型，研究了由于磁场的随机涨落而引起的快电子的反常输运对驱动电流分布和驱动效率的影响。结果表明，高能电子径向扩散将使驱动电流分布变平和展宽，同时驱动电流减小。     

AC transport current loss of assembled conductor of HTS tapes

We study experimentally and theoretically the AC transport current loss characteristics of a tape in multiple tapes assembled in single layer and subject to external field produced by transport currents of adjacent tapes. We measured the AC transport current losses of a Bi2223 silver-sheathed tape in a single layer arrangement of three tapes using our newly developed potential leads arrangement to avoid spurious loss components caused by the magnetization in the adjacent tapes. In the paper, the influence of the external AC field produced by adjacent tapes on the loss characteristics is studied based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis.     

Current distributions in multifilamentary conductors: the influence of intergrowths

The modelling of both critical and remanent states (i.e., the current density and field distributions) in periodic arrays of flat superconducting strips is important for calculating the AC losses in multifilamentary tapes made for power applications. We model the current and field profiles for such magnetically coupled conductors, and have measured these dependences for BSCCO-22223 tapes using a miniature scanning Hall probe technique. The results indicate that the filaments are also electrically connected to a significant extent, which must be caused by superconducting intergrowths between individual filaments.     

民族文化认同困境:周作人附逆的后殖民启示

作为中国现代史上一位重要文化名人,"五四"运动的先驱者,周作人在日本侵略中国后不久就迅速投靠日伪政权,这是极其耐人寻味的文化现象.周作人附逆是由于他首先在精神上被日本文化所征服,进而产生民族文化认同困境所造成的.认识到这一点,对于在全球化背景下当代中国社会主义文化建设不被西方后殖民文化侵蚀是非常具有启示性的.     

Non Equilibrium Current Fluctuations in Stochastic Lattice Gases

We study current fluctuations in lattice gases in the macroscopic limit extending the dynamic approach for density fluctuations developed in previous articles. More precisely, we establish a large deviation principle for a space-time fluctuation j of the empirical current with a rate functional I(j). We then estimate the probability of a fluctuation of the average current over a large time interval; this probability can be obtained by solving a variational problem for the functional I. We discuss several possible scenarios, interpreted as dynamical phase transitions, for this variational problem. They actually occur in specific models. We finally discuss the time reversal properties of I and derive a fluctuation relationship akin to the Gallavotti-Cohen theorem for the entropy production.